Çhengoaylleeaght ny Gaelgey

She çhengey Ellanagh Ghaelgagh Cheltiagh y Ghaelg Vanninagh, as oltey jeh’n chynney çhengey Indo-Oarpagh. Daase ee ass yn Çhenn Yernish as y Yernish Veanagh. Ga dy vel anchaslyssyn eddyr ny cairscreeuyn jeu, ta’n Ghaelg Vanninagh so-hoiggal ec Gaelgeyryn elley. Va Ned Maddrell cummal seose y çhengey echey trooid loayrt rish Gaelgeyryn Yernagh as Albinagh er ny baatyn.Ta faggys-mooinjerys eddyr Gaelg, Yernish as Gaelg Albinagh foast, agh ta troyn er lheh eck chammah. Ta daa abbyrt ec Gaelg: Gaelg Hwoaie as Gaelg Yiass.

Aase ny Gaelgey

Ren Shenn Yernish rheynn as gaase dys ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh t'ayn nish: Yernish, Gaelg as Gaelg Albinagh. Myr shen, haghyr shiartanse dy chaghlaaghyn bentyn rish sheeanaghtys, jalloo-oaylleeaght as fockle-hasht yn Çhenn Yernish son dy yannoo y Ghaelg Vanninagh t'ayn nish.

Jerraghyn focklyn

Caghlaaghyn bentyn rish jerraghyn focklyn
Shenn Yernish / Yernish Veanagh	Yernish jeinagh	Gaelg Albinagh	Gaelg
[-əvʲ]			[-əw]
[-əj]			[-iː]
[-əð]	[-ə] (ayns ennymocklyn) [-əx] (ayns breearyn)		[-ə] (ayns ennymocklyn) [-əx] (ayns breearyn)

Kyndagh rish y chovestey sheeanyn cleaoilagh, raad va [əvʲ] jerrey-fockle gyn trimmid (-(a)ibh, -(a)imh rere lettraghey Yernish as Albinagh), ta shen er govestey marish [əw] (-(e)amh) 'sy Ghaelg, as shen screeut myr "-oo" ny "-u(e)". Myr sampleyr, shassoo (Yernish seasamh), credjue (Yernish creideamh), nealloo (Yernish Yeianagh Leah (i) néalaibh, ayns bodjallyn), as erriu (Yernish oraibh).

Raad va [əj] gyn trimmid er jerrey 'ockle 'sy Yernish Veanagh (-(a)idh as -(a)igh), ta shen er ny gaghlaa dys [iː] 'sy Ghaelg. T'eh goll er screeu myr "-ee", myr sampleyr, kionnee (Yernish ceannaigh) as cullee (Gaelg Albinish culaidh). Ta shen gollrish abbyrtyn twoaiey Yernish, chammah's abbyrtyn jiassey Albinagh.

Raad va [əð] ry-akin ayns Yernish Veanagh (-(e)adh), haink daa chummey Gaelg ass.

1. Ayns ennymocklyn, haink [ə] assyn, gollrish Yernish jiass, as kuse dy abbyrtyn ny Gaelgey Albinagh as Yernish heear. Myr sampleyr, caggey ['kaːɣə], moylley [ˈmɔlə]; cf. Yernish cogadh as moladh, er nyn vockley magh myr [ˈkɔɡə] as [ˈmˠɔl̪ˠə] ayns Yernish heear ny jiass.
2. Ayns cummaghyn breearyn çheorit roish ennymockyn (agh cha nel roish farenmyn), haink [əð] y ve [əx] ‘sy Ghaelg chammah’s Yernish jiass. Myr sampleyr, voyllagh [ˈvɔləx] ; cf. Yernish mholfadh, [ˈvˠɔl̪ˠhəx].

Arraghey corocklyn

Ta kuse dy chorocklyn ny Gaelgey er gaghlaa ass ny cummaghyn v'oc 'sy Çhenn Yernish.

Jannoo /kr gr mr tr/ jeh /kn gn mn tn/

Gollrish abbyrtyn twoaie Yernish, as ymmodee abbyrtyn ny Gaelgey Albinagh, ta ny shenn jeesyn Gaelgagh /kn gn mn tn/ er jeet dy ve /kr gr mr tr/ ‘sy Ghaelg. Myr sampleyr, cosoylaghey Yernish Veanagh cnáid as mná rish craid as mraane ‘sy Ghaelg.

Jannoo [tʃ dʒ] jeh [tʲ dʲ]

Ta Gaelg, chammah's Yernish hwoaie as Gaelg Albinagh, er nyannoo affricaidyn [tʃ] as [dʒ] jeh staddyn feeacklagh cleaoilit [tʲ] as [dʲ] ny Shenn Yernish.

Cleaoilaghey

Gollrish Gaelg Albinagh, cha nel cleaoilaghey neuchosoylagh ec corocklyn daa-veillagh Gaelg. Ayns y Yernish, ta ny corocklyn coghooysagh /pˠ bˠ fˠ w mˠ/ neuchosoylagh rish /pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/ 'sy chorys sheeancoryssagh. Agh Gaelg as Gaelg Albinagh, cha nel agh /p b f v m/ oc.

Coayl [vʲ] fockle-meanagh

Gollrish Yernish y Vooan, raad va [vʲ] ec mean ny jerrey ‘ockle traa dy row (as shen screeut myr bh ny mh ‘sy lettraghey Yernish), ta shen er coayl ec Gaelg. Ny keayrtyn ta ny breeocklyn oc er jeet dy ve ny s’liurey; ny keayrtyn elley, ta’n fockle er jeant u jeh’n chorockle, as haink shen dy ve ny daaghooaght. Myr sampleyr: Ta geurey Gaelg [ˈɡʲeurə], [ɡʲuːrə] corrym rish geimhreadh ‘sy Yernish ([ˈɟiːɾˠə] rere fockley magh jiass), as ta sleityn corrym rish sléibhte [ˈʃlʲeːtʲə] rere fockley magh jiass).

Jalloo-oaylleeaght ny Gaelgey

Ta daa cheintys ec y Ghaelg: firrinagh as bwoirrinagh. Ta ennymocklyn goll er yn-filley son earroo (liorish -yn myr meer yerree, son y chooid smoo). Cha nel ad goll er yn-filley son case, er lhimmey jeh possan beg as shenn chummey gienneydagh baghtal oc.

Ta breearyn jannoo cummaghyn liorish ym-loayrtys chammah as yn-filley.

Ceaghley corocklyn toshee

Ayns ram boaylyn, myr sampleyr Doolish, ta fograghyn failt daahengagh. Cur tashtey ayns shoh da'n cheaghley corockle Doolish da Ghoolish.

Myr dagh çhengey Cheltiagh jeinagh, ta ceaghlaghyn corockyn toshee ec y Ghaelg. She obbyraghyn çhengoaylleeagh t'ayn. T'ad caghlaa kied chorockle 'ockle rere yn çhymbyllaght jalloo-oaylleeagh as co-ordrailagh echey.

Ta daa obbyr ceaghlagh ec y Ghaelg: boggaghys as stronnaghys.

Ayns Gaelg yn 20oo eash, va'n corys foudaghey (cadjin ayns cooishyn baase çhengey), as nagh row ram Gaelgeyr jannoo ymmyd jeh ceaghlaghyn rere ny shenn reillyn. Nish ta ynsaghey oikoil ayn, as Gaelgeyr dooghyssagh, as lhisin shen cooney beaynaghey yn çhengey.

Ceaghlaghyn 'sy Ghaelg

Corockle gyn ceaghley	Boggaghys			Stronnaghys
	Kied cheim	Nah cheim	Treeoo cheim
p /p/	ph /f/	ph /f/	ph /f/	b /b/
t, th /t/	h /h/	t, th /t/	t, th /t/	d /d/
çh /tʃ/	h /h/	çh /tʃ/	çh /tʃ/	j /dʒ/
c, k keyl /kʲ/	ch /ç/	ch /ç/	ch /ç/	g /gʲ/
c, k lheean /k/	ch /x/	ch /x/	ch /x/	g /g/
b /b/	v /v/, /w/	v /v/, /w/	v /v/, /w/	m /m/
bw, boo /bw/	w /w/	w /w/	w /w/	mw /mw/
d, dh /d/	gh /ɣ/	d /d/	d /d/	n/n/
j /dʒ/	y /j/	j /dʒ/	j /dʒ/	n'y /nʲ/
g keyl /gʲ/	y, gh /j/	y, gh /j/	y, gh /j/	ng /ŋʲ/
g lheean /g/	gh /ɣ/	gh /ɣ/	gh /ɣ/	ng /ŋ/
f /f/	(dollit)	(dollit)	(dollit)	v /v/
s /s/	h /h/	t/t/	s /s/	s /s/
str /st/	tr /tr/	tr /tr/	str /str/	str /str/
sl /sl/	l /l/	cl /kl/	sl /sl/	sl /sl/
sn /sl/	n, sn /n/, /sn/	sn, n, tn /n/, /sn/, /tn/	sn /sn/	sn /sn/
sh /ʃ/	h /h/	ç /tʃ/	sh /ʃ/	sh /ʃ/
shl /ʃl/	l /l/	shl /ʃl/	shl /ʃl/	shl /ʃl/
m /m/	v /v/	v /v/	v /v/	m /m/
mw, moo /mw/	w /w/	w /w/	w /w/	mw /mw/
qu /kw/	wh /ʍ/	wh /ʍ/	wh /ʍ/	qu /kw/

Boggaghys

Ta tree keimyn boggaghys ayn, as ny reillyn oc beggan anchasley rish y cheilley.

Y chied cheim

Ta boggaghys y chied cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:

Earrooyn

1. Erreish da daa

2. Erreish da earrooyn reajyssagh as -oo ec y jerrey (treeoo, jeihoo as y lheid)

Gerrymagh

3. Ta cummaghyn gerrymagh boggaghey.

• Breeshey → Kys t'ou, Vreeshey?
• Peddyr → Pheddyr veen, tar stiagh!
• Dooinney → Gura mie ayd, ghooinney!

Shellooderys

4. Ta farenmyn shellooagh cur boggaghys er ny focklyn ny yei:

4.1 Erreish da my as dty.

• cass → shoh my chass

4.2. Erreish da e, dy (dy-e) as ny (ny-e) firrinagh.

4.2.1 Cha nel erreish da ny cummaghyn bwoirrinagh

• thie → shoh e chass (shoh y cass echey)
• thie → shoh e cass (shoh y cass eck)
• fakin → t'ee dy 'akin (t'ee fakin eh)
• fakin → t'eh dy fakin (t'eh fakin ee)
• bwoalley → ta mee er ny woalley (ta mee er mwoalley eh)
• bwoalley → ta mee er ny bwoalley (ta mee er mwoalley ee)

Ta boggaghys ec enmyn 'sy yienneydagh myrgeddin.

5. Ta boggaghys y chied cheim ec enmyn cair gyn art:

• Kirree → lhong Chirree
• Juan → lioar Yuan

5.1 Cha nel f goll er dolley magh jeh enmyn sleih

• Fenella → thie Fenella, cha nel *thie 'Enella

5.2 Ta boggaghys y nah cheim ec enmyn cair as art oc. Jeeagh er y rheynnag shen.

5.3 Ny keayrtyn, cha nel shin boggaghey enmyn joarree.

Meeryn roie

6. Erreish da ny meeryn roie aa-, mee-, as neu-

7. Erreish da ymmodee marenmyn roie mannagh vel -d ny -n ec y jerrey.

7.1 Ta feer as lane, as adsyn as -d ny -n ec y jerrey, boggaghys ny treeoo cheim nyn yei. Jeeagh er boggaghys ny treeoo cheim

8 ayns marenmyn ny rovreear erreish da ro-, ree-, mie ny kiune

Roie-ocklyn

9. Ayns ennymockle erreish da roie-ocklyn.

9.1 Ayns Gaelg jeianagh, son y chooid smoo, t'ad faagail magh y caghlaa shoh er lhimmey jeh raghyn soit.

• bree → gyn vree
• thalloo → fo halloo

Bwoirrinys

10. Ayns nah rheynn co-ennymockle erreish da kied 'ockle bwoirrinagh unnaneagh.

• kiaullee → sheshaght-chiaullee
• kiaullee → sheshaghtyn-kiaullee

Boggaghey marenmyn

11. Ayns marenmyn erreish da ennymockle bwoirrinagh.

• quaagh → y rannag whaagh
• moddee → brishtag voddee

11.1. Ny keayrtyn, myr y nah cheim, cha nel eh caghlaa corocklyn feeacklagh.

• treoghe → ben treoghe ny ben hreoghe

12. Ny keayrtyn, ayns marenmyn erreish da ennym çhymsagh as yn art (y, yn) roish.

13. Ny keayrtyn, ayns marenmyn erreish da ennymockle unnaneagh firrynagh 'sy yienneydagh

14. Ayns marenmyn ny yei ennymockle yl-rey keyl

• mooar → fir vooarey (ny fir mooarey)
• caggee → fir chaggee
• treih → peccee hreih

Ceaghley breearyn

15. Ayns ennymocklyn as breearyn erreish da by / b’, cummey chaie ny kianglagh y chopail.

• mie → by vie lhiam

16. Ayns breearyn erreish da ry-

• geddyn → ry-gheddyn

17. Ayns breearyn erreish da dy as y (rere dys)

• jannoo → t'eh orrym shen y yannoo*
• kionnaghey → t'ee goll dy chionnaghey feill

18. Ayns cummaghyn phretereitagh, kianglagh neuchrogheydagh, as conastagh breearyn reiltagh, as ymmodee fir neureiltagh. Jeeagh er y rheynnag "breearyn".

19. Ny keayrtyn, erreish da er creaghney ayns ynnyd stronnaghys cadjin.

Y nah cheim

Ta boggaghys y nah cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:

Ennymagh

20. Ayns ennymockle bwoirrinagh erreish da'n art kinjagh 'sy chummey ennymagh

• caillin → y chaillin

Gienneydagh

21. Ayns ennymockle neuchair firrynagh unnaneagh 'sy chummey gienneydagh.

• y dooinney shen → gleashtan y dooinney shen
• mwyllin → dorrys y wyllin
• shugyr → costys yn çhugyr

Roie-ocklyn as yn art

22. Ta roie-ocklyn marish yn art boggaghey ennymocklyn unnaneagh nyn yei.

• ben → ec y ven
• balley → er y valley
• çhengey → lesh y çhengey
• sollan → harrish y tollan

Earrooyn

23. Ta earrooyn reajyssagh boggaghey erreish da'n art

• queiggoo → y wheiggoo

Y treeoo cheim

Ta boggaghys y treeoo cheim taghyrt ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn shoh:

24. Erreish da feer as lane

• mie → lane vie, feer vie
• dorraghey → feer dorraghey
• sahllagh → feer sahllagh

25. Erreish da marenmyn roie as -d ny -n ec y jerrey oc.

25.1. Ta marenmyn roie elley boggaghey 'sy chied aght. Jeeagh er boggaghys ny kied cheim.

26. Erreish da ny h-earrooyn un as kied/chied.

• paag → y chied phaag
• daah → jeh'n un daah

26.1. Ny keayrtyn, t'ad boggaghey focklyn nagh lhisagh y treeoo cheim boggaghey.

• dooghys → un-ghooghyssagh

Stronnaghys

Ta stronnaghys ry-akin:

1. Erreish da nyn as er nyn

• fakin → ta mee er nyn vakin (ta mee er vakin ad)

2. Erreish da dyn raad ta shen çheet jeh dy nyn

• fakin → t'ee dyn vakin (t'ee fakin shin)

3. Erreish da er myr cummey chreaghnit breear

• çheet → t'ou er jeet

3.1 Ny keayrtyn, as bentyn rish sheeanyn [k] son y chooid smoo, ta boggaghys ayns ynnyd jeh stronnaghys marish er.

• cur → t'ou er chur argid dou

4. Erreish da'n art yl-rey ny gienneydagh

• kiark → Bwoaillee ny Giark
• keyrragh → Thalloo ny Geyrragh

4.1. Ayns Gaelg jeianagh, son y chooid smoo, t'ad faagail magh y caghlaa shoh er lhimmey jeh enmyn as raghyn soit.

5. Ayns cummaghyn crogheydagh breearyn reiltagh 'syn emshir ry-heet as emshir chianglagh. Jeeagh er y rheynnag "breearyn".

Case

Cha nel case ny red mooar 'sy Ghaelg, agh ta cummaghyn er lheh ec yn chase gerrymagh as yn case gienneydagh.

Gerrymagh

Ta ceaghley toshee corockle da enmyn as focklyn ta jannoo obbyr enmyn. Jeeagh er #Ceaghley corocklyn toshee son ny smoo fys. Cha nel eiyrtys erbee elley er y raa.

Gienneydagh

Ennymocklyn firrinagh

Son ennymocklyn unnaneagh firrinagh (as kuse dy hennymocklyn bwoirrinagh, myrgeddin), ta'n cummey gienneydagh gollrish y fer ennymagh, agh ta boggaghey y nah cheim ec toshiaght yn 'ockle.

• dooinney > thie yn dooinney
• cashtal > dorrys y chashtal

Ennymocklyn bwoirrinagh

Ta cummey gienneydagh er lheh ec kuse dy 'ocklyn unnaneagh bwoirrinagh, as cha nel ad jannoo ymmyd jeh ny reillyn cadjin. Son y chooid smoo, ta'n cummey myr shoh:

• X (ennymagh) > ny Xey (gienneydagh)

Myr sampleyr:

• çheer > ny çheerey
  • Ree ny çheerey

Focklyn elley, ta'n cummey gienneydagh oc ny smoo anchasley rish y fer ennymagh:

• moir > ny mayrey
• lhong > ny lhiungey
• grian > ny greiney
• ollagh > thie ollee

Breearyn

Ta daa aght ayn dy yannoo cummaghyn breearyn: yn-filley y breear hene, ny cur ry-cheilley breearyn cadjin as breear coonee (jannoo ny ve). Ayns Gaelg Anmagh Loayrit, va'n cummey ym-loayrtagh ny smoo cadjin.

Cummaghyn çheorit breearyn ny Gaelgey

Emshir	Persoon	Cummey ym-loayrtagh	Cummey yn-filleydagh
Laaragh immeeaght	Kied	ta mee tilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	ta shiu tilgey	—
Laaragh chreaghnit	Kied	ta mee er dilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	ta shiu er dilgey	—
Pretereitagh	Kied	ren mee tilgey	hilg mee
	Nah yl-rey	ren shiu tilgey	hilg shiu
Chaie immeeaght	Kied	va mee tilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	va shiu tilgey	—
Chaie chreaghnit	Kied	va mee er dilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	va shiu er dilgey	—
Ry-heet	Kied	neeym tilgey	tilgym
	Nah yl-rey	nee shiu tilgey	tilgee shiu
Ry-heet immeeaght	Kied	bee'm tilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	bee shiu tilgey	—
Ry-heet chreaghnit	Kied	bee'm er dilgey	—
	Nah yl-rey	bee shiu er dilgey	—
Kianglagh	Kied	yinnin tilgey	hilgin
	Nah yl-rey	yinnagh shiu tilgey	hilgagh shiu
Oardreilagh	Kied	jean tilgey!	tilg!
	Nah yl-rey	jean-jee tilgey! ny jean-shiu tilgey!	tilg-jee! ny tilg-shiu!

Roie-ocklyn yn-filleydagh

Gollrish çhengaghyn Celtiagh Ellynagh elley, ta raoie-ocklyn yn-filleydagh ec y Ghaelg: roie-ocklyn ta covestit marish far-ennym. Myr sampleyr, shoh cummaghyn yn roie-ockle ec (ta'n nah chummey ny chummey trome):

Cummaghyn y roie-ockle ec

		Unnaneagh	Yl-rey
Kied phersoon		aym ayms	ain ainyn
Nah phersoon		ayd ayds	eu euish
Trass persoon	Firrinagh	echey echeysyn	oc ocsyn
	Bwoirrinagh	eck ecksh	oc ocsyn

Imraaghyn

Lioaryn

• Broderick, George (1984). Handbook of Late Spoken Manx Vol. 1: Grammar and Texts. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Broderick, George (1984). Handbook of Late Spoken Manx Vol. 2: Dictionary. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Broderick, George (1986). Handbook of Late Spoken Manx Vol. 3: Phonology. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Broderick, George (1993). "Manx", ayns Ball, Martin: The Celtic Languages. Lunnin: Routledge.
• Kewley Draskau, Jennifer (2008). Practical Manx. Lerphoyll: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781846311314.
• O'Rahilly, Thomas F. (1932). Irish Dialects Past and Present. Dublin: Browne and Nolan. Er ny aachlou magh 1976, 1988 liorish y Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-55-3.
• Stowell, Brian (1998). Y Coorse Mooar, nah lhieggan.