Wikipedia

Mynorgaanagh

(Aa-enmyssit ass Mynvioagh)

She bioag do-akin da'n tooill eh mynvioagh (ny mynorgaanagh). Hooar magh Anton van Leeuwenhoek dy row ad ayn ayns 1675. She myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght y studeyrys er lheid ny bioagyn, lesh mynreayrtan son adsyn y 'akin.

Lorryia formosa - sorçh dy vyn-veeyllag

Ta ymmodee sorçhyn dy vyn-vioagh ayn; t'ad goaill stiagh bacteyryn, fungyssyn, archaea, protista, algaghyn glassey as kuse dy veiyn beggey, myr sampleyr, plankton. Ta kuse dy vyn-vioagh-oayllee cur veeryssyn nyn mast'oc, agh fir elley, er lhieusyn nagh vel ad bio.[1][2] Ta’n chooid smoo jeu nyn mioagyn un-chillagagh, agh cha nel dagh ooilley fer; ta kuse dy vioagyn yl-chillagagh mynreayrtagh, as kuse dy phrotistyn as bacteyryn macroreayrtagh, dy ghra myr shen, ry-akin da’n tooill (myr sampleyr, Thiomargarita namibiensis).[3]

Ta mynvioee cummal er feie ny cruinney, ayns dagh rheynn ny bea-chruinney raad ta ushtey fliugh, goaill stiagh thalloo, çhibbraghyn çhehey, er grunt ny marrey, ard ‘syn aeraght, as duinid ayns bleayst ny cruinney. Ta feme orroo er son aa-choorsal beaghey ayns eggochoryssyn. Ta jargaght tashtey nitrageen ec kuse dy vyn-vioee, as myr shen, ta laue scanshoil oc ‘sy chorys nitrageen. Foddee dy vel laue oc ayns frassaghey as emshir myrgeddin.[4]

Ta ymmyd jeant jeh mynvioee ayns bea-haghnoaylleeaght chammah, ayns gyle as braghey tradishoonagh, as ayns çhaghnoaylleeaght jeianagh ta jannoo ymmyd jeh jeshaghteyrys gienntagagh. Er y laue elley, ta mynvioee ghorlagh lane assee; t'ad goll stiagh bioagyn elley as gaase ayndaue, as shen bun aslayntyn ta marroo millioonyn dy 'leih, beiyn as lossreeyn.[5]

Shennaghys

reagh

Aafilley

reagh

She mynvioee un-chillagagh haink rish s'leaie er y chruinney, mysh 3-4 billioon blein er dy henney.[6][7][8] B’voal eh aafilley ny lurg shen,[9] as rish 3 billioon blein ‘syn Eash Roie-Chambriagh va dagh ooilley bioag mynreayrtagh.[10] Myr shen, car y chooid smoo jeh shennaghys ny seihill, cha row agh mynvioee ayn.[11] Ta oayllee er chur enney er bacteyryn, algaghyn as fungyssyn ayns ombyr 220 millioon blein d’eash, as ta’n feanish shoh taishbyney nagh vel jalloo-oaylleeaght vyn-vioee er gaghlaa monney derrey’n Eash Triassagh.[12]

Ta’n chooid smoo dy vyn-vioee geddyn sliught dy tappee, as foddee lheid as bacteyryn co-cheaghley gienntagyn eddyr dooghyssyn anchasley rish y cheilley, liorish co-whingaghey bacteyragh, goaill stiagh gienntag as cur stiagh gienntag.[13] Ta’n co-cheaghley co-chruinnagh ghienyn shoh, as myrane lesh reat ard arraghey as saaseyn caghlaa gienntag elley, lhiggey da mynvioee aafilley dy tappee (trooid reih najooragh) son dy hannaghtyn bio ayns çhymbylaghtyn noa as freggyrt da preays çhymbylagh. Ta’n aafilley tappee shoh scanshoil ayns lheeys, er y fa dy vel ard-vunniagyn çheet rish. Ta ny bacteyryn gorlagh shoh lieh-yeenagh noi noi-veiyn jeianagh.[14]

Roish myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght

reagh

Va resoonaght ayn er my row myn-vioee ayn ny dyn rish keeadyn roish my hie ad er feddyn 'sy 17oo Eash. Screeu scoillar Romangh Marcus Terentius Varro er cretooryn mynreayrtagh 'sy lioar liorish, De Re Rustica ("Er Eirinaght"), 'sy 1d Eash. V'eh cur coyrle noi soiaghey thie balley faggys da curree:

“ Ta feme er roie-arrey faggys da curree, er coontey ny h-oyryn heose, as er y fa dy vel ad skeaylley shiartanse dy vyn-veiyn, do-akin da'n tooill, as t'adsyn snaue 'syn aer stiagh 'sy chorp trooid y veeal as y troyn, as gientyn doghanyn trome.[15] ”

Ayns Kitāb al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb (كتاب القانون في الطب‎, "Leigh Lheeys") (1025), screeu Abū Alī ibn Sīnā dy vel taalyn y chorp goll er sollaghey liorish corpyn seihlltagh joarree roish my jig çhingys er.[16] Hug roish eh y sheiltynys dy nod gorley shymlee as çhingyssyn elley skeaylley eddyr sleih, dy ghra myr shen, dy row ad nyn ngorlaghyn gowaltagh. Ren eh ymmyd jeh quaranteen son dy lhiettal ad.[17]

Rish y Gorley Doo (phlaih fairaigagh) roshtyn al-Andalus ‘sy Spaainey ‘sy 14oo eash, screeu Ibn Khatima dy row “myn-chorpyn” gowaltagh bun ghorley gowaltagh lesh adsyn çheet stiagh ‘sy chorp.[16] Ayns 1546, hug roish Girolamo Fracastoro dy row bun çhingyssyn theayagh nheeghyn rassagh yn-astreeaghey nod ymmyrkey gorley liorish coventyn jeeragh ny neuyeearagh, as eer gyn coventyn harrish foddeeaght mooar.

She eieyn barelagh v’ayn er myn-vioee, gyn fysseree ny oaylleeaght erbee. Cha row feanish, taishbyney ny soilshaghey kiart mynyngione derrey’n 17oo eash. Shen er y fa nagh row mynreayrtanyn ry-gheddyn oc.

Shennaghys ‘eddyn magh myn-vioee

reagh
Son ny smoo fys jeeagh-shiu er: Shennaghys vea-oaylleeaght
 
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, y chied myn-vea-oayllee as y chied dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn liorish mynreayrtan.

Va Anton van Leeuwenhoek mastey ny kied sleih dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn, liorish mynreayrtan rere’n chiaddey echey hene. Va’n cohortys hug eh da bea-oaylleeaght mastey ny smoo scanshoil rieau.[18] By Robert Hooke eh y chied ren scrutaghey er bioagyn liorish mynreayrtan; screeu eh er killagyn losseree ‘sy lioar 1665 echey, Micrographia.

Roish my hooar magh Leeuwenhoek myn-vioee ayns 1675, cha hoig ad cre’n fa dod oo jannoo feeyn jeh smeïr-feeyney, caashey jeh bainney, ny cre’n fa va bee loauaghey. Cha ren Leeuwenhoek kiangley ny h-obbraghyn shoh as myn-vioee, agh phrow eh dy row bioagyn ayn nagh row ry-akin da’n tooill.[19][20] Obbyr Leeuwenhoek, myrane lesh tastaghyn Lazzaro Spallanzani as Louis Pasteur, hug ad jerrey er y çhenn eie dy row bea hene-ghientyn ass stoo neuvio trooid loauaghey. Hooar magh Lazzaro Spallanzani dy dod eh jannoo awree shiast liorish broie, as marroo myn-vioee erbee v'aynjee. Hooar eh magh myrgeddin nagh nod myn-vioee noa soiaghey urree mannagh beagh eh goll er anchoodaghey da'n aer. Dobbyr Louis Pasteur ny smoo er y chooish, lesh anchoodaghey awree broit da'n aer ayns saaghyn as shollane oc, son dy lhiettal breneenyn jeh goll ny hrooid da'n awree, as ayns saaghyn gyn shollane. Haink stiagh yn aer trooid feddan cruillagh nagh lhig da joan bentyn rish yn awree. Lesh broie yn awree 'sy toshiaght, v'eh shickyr nagh row myn-vioee bio erbee 'syn awree ec y toshiaght. Cha daase red erbee 'syn awree car prowaltys Phasteur. Haishbynee shen dy row bioee erbee daase ayns lheid yn awree çheet stiagh jeh çheumooie, myr sporragyn er joan, as cha jagh ad er hene-gheintyn 'syn awree. Hug shen builley baaish da'n çheiltynys hene-ghientyn, as hug eh feanish da'n çheiltynys bunniag

Ayns 1876, phrow Robert Koch dy row myn-vioee nyn mun çhingys. Hooar eh magh dy row ram Bacillus anthracis ayns fuill ollee as antraks orroo, dagh keayrt. Dod eh ymmyrkey antaks jeh un vaagh da fer elley, liorish goaill beggan dy 'uill jeh'n vaagh çhing as ish y hilgey stiagh ayns fer sunt, as hug shen çhingys er y vaagh sunt. Hooar eh magh myrgeddin dy dod eh aase y bacteyr ayns awree beaghee, as eshyn y hilgey stiagh ayns baagh sunt, as verragh shen çhingys er. Er bun ny prowaltyssyn shoh, ren eh slatjyn howse er son prowal kiangley oyragh eddyr myn-vioagh as çhingys: eabbaghyn Choch.[21] Ga nagh vel ad bentyn da dagh cooish, ta scansh shennaghyssagh oc bentyn rish aase smooinaght oaylleeagh, as ta ymmyd jeant jeu foast.[22]

Rang-oardraghey

reagh
 
Shoh billey aafilleydagh son dy haishbyney shennayraght chadjin tree reamyn vea.[23] Ta bacteyryn ayns gorrym, eukaryoteyn ayns jiarg, as archaea ayns geayney. Ta ynnydyn kuse dy phyla ayns cosoylaght rish y cheilley ry-akin mygeayrt-y-mysh.

Ma myn-vioee ry-akin er feie rheam vea ny cruinney. Ta bacteyryn as archaea mynreayrtagh dy kinjagh, bunnys, as ta shiartanse dy eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh myrgeddin. T'adsyn goaill stiagh protistyn, fyngyssyn, as shiartanse dy myn-vaaghyn as lossreeyn. Cha nel ad goaill rish dy cadjin dy vel veerysyn bio, as myr shen, cha nee myn-vioee t'ayn, ga dy vel myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght goaill stiagh studeyrys orroo.

Prokaryota

reagh
Ard-art: Prokaryota

She possan dy bioagyn prokaryota, as adsyn gyn çheshvean ny mynoltyn far-chrackanagh elley. Myr shen t'ad anchasley rish ny eukaryota as çheshvean ocsyn. Ta'n chooid smoo jeu lane un-chillagagh, agh beggan beg dy phrokaryota (myr sampleyr, mycsobacteria), ta eashyn yl-chillagagh ayns nyn mea.[24]

Ta daa ream ec ny prokaryoteyn, bacteyryn as archaea. She possan dy vioagyn smoo anchasley as lhieenar ny cruinney t'ayn, as adsyn cummal raad erbee ta ushtey fliugh ry-gheddyn as ta'n çhiassid fo +140 °C. T'ad cummal ayns sailley, thalloo, aer, cassanyn collaneagh-gastragh veiyn, çhibbraghyn çhehey, as foddey fo bleayst ny cruinney ayns cregyn.[25] Ta prokaryoteyn er dagh eaghtyr nagh vel er ny hiastey er lheh, faggys. T'ad credjal dy vel mysh qeuig millioon trillioon trillioon jeu ayn, dy ghra myr shen 5×1030.[26]

Bacteyryn

reagh
Ard-art: Bacteyr
 
Bacteyryn Staphylococcus aureus er nyn mooadaghey 10,000x

Ta faggys dagh bacteyr do-akin da'n tooill, er lhimmey jeh fir ghoan, myr sampleyr, Thiomargarita namibiensis.[27] She un-chillagee t'ayn, gyn myn-organeyn far-chrackanagh. Ta'n genome oc un loob dy GDN, ga dy nod rheynn beg dy GDN, plasmaidyn, ve ayndaue. T'ad goll er skeaylley eddyr killagyn liorish co-whingaghey bacteyragh. Ta boaylley killag oc, as eshyn cur lajer as neulhoobid daue. T'ad geddyn sliught liorish scoltey jeesoil ny cur magh buinney, agh cha nel ad jannoo gientyn keintyssagh. Ta kuse dy ghooie jannoo endosporragyn feer aalhiemmagh, agh she aase dy hannaghtyn bio t'ayn son bacteyryn, cha nel aase ghientyn. Ayns çhymbylaght share daue, foddee bacteyryn dooblaghey ad hene cho mennick as dagh 10 minnidyn.[28]

Archaea

reagh
Ard-art: Archaea

Ta archaea nyn un-chillagee gyn çheshvean, gollrish bacteyryn. 'sy traa t'er ngoll shaghey, cha dug ad tastey da ny h-anchaslyssyn eddyr oc, as v'ad cliaghtey cur bacteyryn myrane lesh archaea 'sy reeriaght Monera. Ayns 1990, hug roish y myn-vioagh-oayllee Carl Woese y corys tree reamyn, as eshyn eddyrscarrey bioagyn ayns bacteyryn, archaea as nd eukaryoteyn.[29] Ta anchaslyssyn eddyr bacteyryn as archaea bentyn rish gien-oaylleeaght as bea-chemmig. Myr sampleyr, ta far-chrackanyn ec y ghaa; agh ta'n far-chrackan killag bacteyragh ass fosfaar-glisreed lesh kianglaghyn esteragh, as ta'n far-chrackan archaeagh ass lipaidyn eethyr.[30]

Hie archaea er nyn soilshaghey magh ayns sur-hymbylaghtyn ec y toshiaght, myr sampleyr, çhibbraghyn çhehey, agh t'ad er nyn veddyn ayns dagh ooilley oayll neayr's shen.[31] T'ad fakin dy ve feer chadjin; she crenarchaeota cummey s'cadjiney vea 'sy varrey, as eshyn s'eearrooagh ayns eggochoryssyn ny s'diuney na 150m.[32][33] T'ad cadjin 'sy thalloo neesht, as ta laue scanshoil oc ayns ocsaidaghey ammoiney.[34]

Eukaryoteyn

reagh
Ard-art: Eukaryote

Ta ymmodee eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh ayn. Anchasley rish bacteyryn as archaea, ta mynoltyn ec eukaryoteyn, myr sampleyr, çheshvean killag, farrys Golgi as mitochondria. Foddee eukaryoteyn ve haploid ny diploid, as ta ymmodee çheshveanyn killag ec kuse jeu (jeeagh er coenocyte). Cha nel dagh myn-vioagh ny un-chillagagh; ta eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh yl-chillagagh ayn.

Protistyn

reagh
Ard-art: Protista

Mastey ny eukaryota, she ny protista ny fir smoo un-chillagagh as mynreayrtagh. She possan feer anchasley rish y cheilley t'ayn.[35][36] Ta kuse dy algaghyn nyn brotistyn yl-chillagagh, as ta corys bea er lheh ec lheeahid glooie lesh caghlaa eddyr cummaghyn un-chillagagh, yl-chillagagh as coloinagh.[37] Cha s'ain quoid dy phrotisyn t'ayn; foddee nagh vel shin er chur enney agh er beggan jeu.[38][39]

Beiyn

reagh
 
Meeyllag mynreayrtagh Lorryia formosa.
Ard-art: Myn-veiyn

Ta beiyn yl-chillagagh son y chooid smoo, agh ta fir jeu do-akin da'n tooill ny yei shen. Ta arthropodyn mynreayrtagh goaill stiagh meeyllagyn joaney as meeyllagyn partan. Ta crustee vynreayrtagh goaill stiagh copepodyn as cladocera, as ta ymmodee nematodeyn ro veg son adsyn y 'akin lesh y tooill myrgeddin. Ta rotiferyn feer chadjin myrgeddin; she eederyn-sheeley t'ayn, as adsyn cummal ayns ushtey millish. Foddee myn-veiyn geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh ny neucheintyssagh, as ta kuse jeu skeaylley da oayllyn noa myr oohyn oddys tannaghtyn bio raad nagh nod y baagh aasit. Foddee shiartanse dy veiyn bunneydagh, myr sampleyr, rotiferyn as nematodeyn, çhirmaghey dy slane as tannaghtyn nyn gadley rish tammylt liauyr.[40]

Fungyssyn

reagh
Ard-art: Fungys

Ta ymmodee dooieyn fungys unchillagagh, myr sampleyr, jastee fuinnee (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Foddee shiartanse jeu, myr sampleyr, Candida albicans, caghlaa phenohorçh as aase myr un-chillagee ayns shiartanse dy hymbyllaghtyn.[41] T'ad geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh (liorish cur buinney magh ny scoltey jeesoil). Foddee ad jannoo sporragyn myrgeddin; she conidia neucheintyssagh t'ayn, ny basidosporragyn keintyssagh.

Lossreeyn

reagh
Ard-art: Lus

Ta algaghyn glassey goaill stiagh ymmodee bioagyn mynreayrtagh. Ta kuse jeu er nyn rang-oardraghey myr protistyn, as fir elley myr embryophyteyn (lossreeyn cadjin). Foddee algaghyn aase dy un-chillagagh ny myr driaght liauyr dy chillagyn. Ta scuitçheyderyn un-chillagagh as coloinagh nyn mast'oc, chammah's cummaghyn coloinagh, runt as snaieagh.[42]

Bea

reagh

Ta myn-vioee ry-akin er feie ny cruinney, ayns dagh sorçh dy oayll, bunnys, as shen goaill stiagh ardjyn y Twoaie as y Jiass, faasee, geeseryn, cregyn as y marrey mooar. Ta kuse jeu er gormal rish ny feer-staydjyn shoh as er droggal coloinyn; she graihderyn barbaght t'ayn. T'adsyn er nyn ngeddyn ass cregyn wheesh as 7km fo eaghtyr ny cruinney.[43] Ta kuse dy 'leih credjal dy vel wheesh dy vea fo eaghtyr ny cruinney as ersyn.[25] Ta feanish ain daue tannaghtyn bio rish tammylt ayns folmid, as t'ad shassoo noi goulraght erskyn-ghorrym; myr shen, foddee ny nod ad tannaghtyn bio ayns spoar.[44]

Ta kianglaghyn shimboshagh eddyr ymmodee myn-vioee as bioagyn smoo. Ta kuse jeusyn co-vondeishagh, agh ta fir elley jeeyllagh da'n olteyr (sheadanys). My t'ad nyn munyn çhingys, ta oayllee cur myn-vioee ghorlagh orroo.

Graihderyn barbaght

reagh
Ard-art: Graihder barbaght

She myn-vioagh eh graihder barbaght, as eshyn er gormal rish staydyn beagh marrooagh da bioagyn elley. Myr sampleyr, ta lheid ny myn-vioee er nyn veddyn ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn heese:

Ta scansh ec graihderyn barbaght. T'ad lhiggey da bea thallooinagh lheanaghey ayns cooid mooir jeh ushtey ny cruinney, bleayst ny cruinney as yn aeraght. T'ad er n'aafilley troyn noi çhymbyllaghtyn varbagh, as fodmayd ymmyd jeu y yannoo ayns bea-haghnoaylleeaght. Chammah's shen, er y fa dy vel ad ayn dyn y wooise da lheid y varbaght, t'eh ny smoo cosoylagh dy beagh bea neuhallooinagh ayn myrgeddin.[55]

Mynvioee thallooin

reagh

Ta'n corys neetragien thallooin croghey er tashtey neetragien ass yn aeraght. Un aght dy vel shen taghyrt, she liorish obbyr bacteyryn shimboshagh (genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, ny Azorhizobium) ta cummal ayns uddanyn ayns fraueyn lossreeyn poanragh.[56]

Mynvioee himboshagh

reagh

Ta mynvioee himbosagh, myr sampleyr, fungyssyn as algaghyn, kiangley rish y chielley ayns scryss ny greg. Ta kuse dy fungyssyn jannoo shimbosh mycorhissagh myrane lesh biljyn; ta shen cur ny smoo beaghey da'n villey as shugyr da'n fungys.

Scansh

reagh

Ta feme ec deiney as y çhymbyllaght er mynvioee. Ta laue oc ayns coryssyn bunstoo ny cruinney, myr sampleyr, y corys carboan as y corys nitrageen. Ta ny paartyn elley oc goaill stiagh aa-choorsal fooillagh as kirp vioagyn elley liorish loaughey, as jannoo shimbosh myrane lesh bioagyn yl-chillagagh.[57]

Ymmyd ayns bee

reagh
Ard-artyn: Braghey as Gyle

Ta sleih jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns imbyl, jannoo feeyn, fuinney, piggylaghey as obbraghyn jannoo bee elley. Ta ymmyd elley jeant jeu dys gurneil gyle tra t'ad jannoo troar vainney, myr sampleyr caashey as binjean. Ta ny h-aaseyn shen cur blass da'n troar myrgeddin, as lhiettal bioagyn neuyesh jeh aase.[58]

Ymmyd ayns obbyr glennee ushtey

reagh
Ard-art: Obbyr glennee ushtey

Ta ymmyd jeant jeh mynvioee sheelrit er lheh er son obbraghey bea-oaylleeagh er sorniagys as jeeyl çhynskylagh.[59]

Ymmyd dys gientyn bree

reagh
Ard-artyn: Conney algagh, Ethanol kellaloyshagh, as Gyle ethanol

T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns gyle dys jannoo ethanol, as ayns frasseeaghyn bea-ghas er so dy yannoo meetane.[60][61] Ta oayllee jannoo studeyrys er ymmyd algaghyn dys jannoo conney, as ymmyd vacteyryn dys jannoo ethanol kellaloyshagh ass jeeyll eirinagh as baljagh.[62][63]

Ymmyd ayns oaylleeaght

reagh

Ta mynvioee nyn ngreieyn femoil ayns bea-haghnoaylleeaght, bea-chemmig, gien-oaylleeaght, as bea-oaylleeaght cho-vreneenagh. Ta ny jasteeghyn (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) nyn mioagyn sampleyragh ayns oaylleeaght, er y fa dy nee eukaryoteyn bunneydagh t'ayn, agh foddee ad goll er aase dy tappee as goll er caghlaa dy aashagh.[64] T'ad feeu er lheh ayns gien-oaylleeaght, gienoam-oaylleeaght as proteeoam-oaylleeaght.[65][66] Ta ymmyd jeant jeu son dy chroo steroidyn as ayns lheeys ghorlaghyn crackanagh. Ta studeyryssyn elley jeeaghyn er jannoo ymmyd jeu myr killagyn conney bioey, ny noi sollaghar.[67][68]

Ymmyd caggee

reagh
Ard-art: Caggeeaght vea-oaylleeagh

Ayns ny Mean Eashyn, v'ad ceau kirp ghorlagh stiagh ayns cashtallyn lesh clagh-vow ny jeshaghtyn cruinnee elley son dy skeaylley çhingyssyn.[69]

Scansh er son slaynt deiney

reagh

Lheie deiney

reagh
Son ny smoo fys jeeagh-shiu er: Biota deiney#Biota bacteyragh deiney as slaynt deiney

Foddee mynvioee jannoo endohimbosh myrane lesh bioagyn smoo. Myr sampleyr, ta bacteyryn 'sy chorys lheieagh deiney cooney y chorys ym-yeenaght, jannoo biomaneyn (geayr folagh, bioteen as fir elley), as lheie carbey-hydraadyn neulheieagh dooin.[70]

Çhingyssyn as jeen-oaylleeaght

reagh
Ard-art: Mynvioagh gorlagh

Ta mynvioee nyn minn ymmodee gorlaghyn gowaltagh. Ny bioagyn hene, t'adsyn goaill stiagh bacteyryn gowaltagh (bun y phlaih fairaigagh, gorley shymlee as antraks); protosoa (bun malaarey, çhingys chadlee as tocsaplasmosh); as fungyssyn (bun meeyl chrackan, candeyjaash as histoplasmosh). Ta çhingyssyn elley, myr sampleyr floo as yn çhiassagh buigh, obbyr veeryssyn, as cha nel adsyn nyn mioagyn rere rang-oardraghey oaylleeagh cadjin. Rere obbyr derrey 2007, cha nel feanish baghtal er archaea gorlagh, agh ta sheiltynys ayn dy vel laue oc ayns çhingys ym-eeacklagh.[71][72]

Scansh ayns eggoaylleeaght

reagh
Son ny smoo fys jeeagh-shiu er: louaghey

Ta laue mooar ec mynvioee ayns obbraghyn louaghey, as shen aa-choorsal nitrageen as bunstooghyn elley da'n eggochorys.

Slaynt-oayllys

reagh
Ard-art: Slaynt-oayllys

She shaghney doghanyn liorish scryssey jeh mynvioee ee slaynt-oayllys. Er y fa dy vel mynvioee ry-akin ayns dagh ooilley boayl, faggys, t'ee çheet er adsyn y injillaghey da keim beg, son y chooid smoo. Ny yei shen, ny keayrtyn, ta feme ayn dy vel nhee ny stoo ennagh lane amrid (dy ghra myr shen, gyn bioagyn ny veeryssyn erbee), myr sampleyr, spooytag.

Er son aarlaghey bee, t'ad ginjillaghey mynvioee liorish freayll (myr sampleyr, cur stiagh feeyn geayr), liorish jannoo ymmyd jeh greieyn glenney, liorish nagh tashtey agh rish tammylt beg, as liorish feayrid. My ta feme ayn er lane amrid, ta goulraghey ny ymmyd autoclave cadjin dy liooar.

Imraaghyn

reagh
  1. ↑ Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics" (Baarle). S Aft J Sci 86: 182–6. ISSN 0038-2353. 
  2. ↑ LWOFF A (1957). "The concept of virus" (Baarle). J. Gen. Microbiol. 17 (2): 239–53. PMID 13481308. 
  3. ↑ Max Planck Society Research News Release (Baarle). Feddynit er 2009-05-21.
  4. ↑ Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC (2008). "Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall" (Baarle). Science 319 (5867): 1214. doi:10.1126/science.1149757. PMID 18309078. 
  5. ↑ WHO Mortality Database: Tables. Feddynit er 2009-11-25.
  6. ↑ Schopf J (2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life" (Baarle). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 869–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMID 16754604. PMC:1578735. 
  7. ↑ Altermann W, Kazmierczak J (2003). "Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth" (Baarle). Res Microbiol 154 (9): 611–7. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006. PMID 14596897. 
  8. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (2006). "Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution" (Baarle). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 969–1006. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. PMID 16754610. PMC:1578732. 
  9. ↑ Schopf J (1994). "Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (15): 6735–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735. PMID 8041691. 
  10. ↑ Stanley S (May 1973). "An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in the Late Precambrian" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70 (5): 1486–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486. PMID 16592084. 
  11. ↑ DeLong E, Pace N (2001). "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea" (Baarle). Syst Biol 50 (4): 470–8. doi:10.1080/106351501750435040. PMID 12116647. 
  12. ↑ Schmidt A, Ragazzi E, Coppellotti O, Roghi G (2006). "A microworld in Triassic amber" (Baarle). Nature 444 (7121): 835. doi:10.1038/444835a. PMID 17167469. 
  13. ↑ Wolska K (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment" (Baarle). Acta Microbiol Pol 52 (3): 233–43. PMID 14743976. 
  14. ↑ Enright M, Robinson D, Randle G, Feil E, Grundmann H, Spratt B (May 2002). "The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (11): 7687–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.122108599. PMID 12032344. PMC:124322. 
  15. ↑ Marcus Terentius Varro (37 RJC). "xii", De Re Rustica, Loeb Classical Library, 1934 1 (Ladjyn). “Advertendum etiam, siqua erunt loca palustria, et propter easdem causas, et quod crescunt animalia quaedam minuta, quae non possunt oculi consequi, et per aera intus in corpus per os ac nares perveniunt atque efficiunt difficilis morbos.”
  16. ↑ a b "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times" (Baarle) (2002). Journal of the Islamic Medical Association 2: 2–9. 
  17. ↑ "Arab Roots of European Medicine" (Baarle) . Heart Views 4 (2). 
  18. ↑ Payne, A.S. (1970). The Cleere Observer: A Biography of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (Baarle). Macmillan, dg. 13.
  19. ↑ Leeuwenhoek A (1753). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs" (Baarle). Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 22: 509–18. doi:10.1098/rstl.1700.0013. Feddynit er 30 November 2006. 
  20. ↑ Leeuwenhoek A (1753). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them" (Baarle). Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 23: 1304–11. doi:10.1098/rstl.1702.0042. Feddynit er 30 November 2006. 
  21. ↑ Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 (Baarle). Feddynit er 2006-11-22.
  22. ↑ O'Brien S, Goedert J (1996). "HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled" (Baarle). Curr Opin Immunol 8 (5): 613–18. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6. PMID 8902385. 
  23. ↑ Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P (2006). "Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life" (Baarle). Science 311 (5765): 1283–7. doi:10.1126/science.1123061. PMID 16513982. 
  24. ↑ Kaiser D (Jerrey Fouyir 2003). "Coupling cell movement to multicellular development in myxobacteria". Nature Reviews Microbiology 1 (1): 45-54. doi:10.1038/nrmicro733. PMID 15040179. 
  25. ↑ a b Gold T (1992). "The deep, hot biosphere" (Baarle). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (13): 6045–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045. PMID 1631089. 
  26. ↑ Whitman W, Coleman D, Wiebe W (1998). "Prokaryotes: the unseen majority" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (12): 6578–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578. PMID 9618454. 
  27. ↑ Schulz H, Jorgensen B (2001). "Big bacteria" (Baarle). Annu Rev Microbiol 55: 105–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105. PMID 11544351. 
  28. ↑ Eagon R (1962). "Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes" (Baarle). J Bacteriol 83: 736–7. PMID 13888946. 
  29. ↑ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (12): 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMID 2112744. 
  30. ↑ De Rosa M, Gambacorta A, Gliozzi A (Mar 1986). "Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids" (Baarle). Microbiol. Rev. 50 (1): 70–80. PMID 3083222. PMC:373054. 
  31. ↑ Robertson C, Harris J, Spear J, Pace N (2005). "Phylogenetic diversity and ecology of environmental Archaea" (Baarle). Curr Opin Microbiol 8 (6): 638–42. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.003. PMID 16236543. 
  32. ↑ Karner MB, DeLong EF, Karl DM (2001). "Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean" (Baarle). Nature 409 (6819): 507–10. doi:10.1038/35054051. PMID 11206545. 
  33. ↑ Sinninghe Damsté JS, Rijpstra WI, Hopmans EC, Prahl FG, Wakeham SG, Schouten S (June 2002). "Distribution of membrane lipids of planktonic Crenarchaeota in the Arabian Sea" (Baarle). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (6): 2997–3002. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.6.2997-3002.2002. PMID 12039760. PMC:123986. 
  34. ↑ Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, et al. (2006). "Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils" (Baarle). Nature 442 (7104): 806–9. doi:10.1038/nature04983. PMID 16915287. 
  35. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (Dec 1993). "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla" (Baarle). Microbiol. Rev. 57 (4): 953–94. PMID 8302218. PMC:372943. 
  36. ↑ Corliss JO (1992). "Should there be a separate code of nomenclature for the protists?" (Baarle). BioSystems 28 (1-3): 1–14. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(92)90003-H. PMID 1292654. 
  37. ↑ Devreotes P (1989). "Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development" (Baarle). Science 245 (4922): 1054–8. doi:10.1126/science.2672337. PMID 2672337. 
  38. ↑ Slapeta J, Moreira D, López-García P (2005). "The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes" (Baarle). Proc. Biol. Sci. 272 (1576): 2073–81. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3195. PMID 16191619. PMC:1559898. 
  39. ↑ Moreira D, López-García P (2002). "The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world" (Baarle). Trends Microbiol. 10 (1): 31–8. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02257-0. PMID 11755083. 
  40. ↑ Lapinski J, Tunnacliffe A (2003). "Anhydrobiosis without trehalose in bdelloid rotifers" (Baarle). FEBS Lett. 553 (3): 387–90. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01062-7. PMID 14572656. 
  41. ↑ Kumamoto CA, Vinces MD (2005). "Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence" (Baarle). Cell. Microbiol. 7 (11): 1546–54. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x. PMID 16207242. 
  42. ↑ Thomas, David C. (2002). Seaweeds (Baarle). London: Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-565-09175-1.
  43. ↑ Szewzyk U, Szewzyk R, Stenström T (1994). "Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (5): 1810–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810. PMID 11607462. 
  44. ↑ Horneck G (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review" (Baarle). Adv Space Res 1 (14): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6. PMID 11541716. 
  45. ↑ Microbe from Depths Takes Life to Hottest Known Limit (Baarle). Office of Legislative and Public Affairs (2003-08-14). Feddynit er 2009-12-08.
  46. ↑ Kazem Kashefi (2003-08-15). "Extending the Upper Temperature Limit for Life". Science 301 (5635): 934. doi:10.1126/science.1086823. 
  47. ↑ Snow microbes found at South Pole (Baarle). BBC News (2000-07-11). Feddynit er 2009-12-08.
  48. ↑ Edward J. Carpenter; Senjie Lin, Douglas G. Capone3 (Jerrey Fouyir 2000). "Bacterial Activity in South Pole Snow" (Baarle). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4514-4517. 
  49. ↑ Earth microbes on the moon (Baarle). NASA (1998-09-01). Feddynit er 2009-12-08.
  50. ↑ Montana State University & Yellowstone National Park. Thermal Organism: Picrophilus torridus. Feddynit er 2009-12-08.
  51. ↑ Karen Olsson; Stefanie Keis, Hugh W. Morgan, Peter Dimroth, Gregory M. Cook (Jerrey Geuree 2003). "http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/461.pdf" (Baarle). Journal of Bacteriology 185 (2): 461–465. doi:10.1128/JB.185.2.461–465.2003. 
  52. ↑ Dyall-Smith, Mike, HALOARCHAEA, University of Melbourne.
  53. ↑ Philippa J.R. Uwins; Richard I. Webb, Anthony P. Taylor (1998). "Novel nano-organisms from Australian sandstones" (Baarle). American Mineralogist 83: 1541-1550. Feddynit er 2009-12-09. “Our samples were retrieved from 3–5 km below the sea bed where the temperature and pressure is approximately 115–170 8C (Baker and Uwins 1997) and 2000 atm, respectively, and the nanobes grew under aerobic conditions at 22 8C and 1 atm pressure. ... It appears that the nanobes were not actively growing in the rock from which they were retrieved, but thrive when exposed to aerobic conditions.” 
  54. ↑ Michael M. Cox; John R. Battista (Mee Houney 2005). "Deinococcus radiodurans — the consummate survivor" (Baarle). Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (11): 882-892. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1264. “The gamma-irradiation survival curves of actively growing cultures of D. radiodurans R1 have a shoulder of resistance up to 5,000 Gy, and until this dose is achieved there is no measurable loss of viability in the irradiated culture.” 
  55. ↑ Cavicchioli R (2002). "Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life" (Baarle). Astrobiology 2 (3): 281–92. doi:10.1089/153110702762027862. PMID 12530238. 
  56. ↑ Barea J, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C (2005). "Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere" (Baarle). J Exp Bot 56 (417): 1761–78. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri197. PMID 15911555. 
  57. ↑ Gillen, Alan L. (2007). The Genesis of Germs: The Origin of Diseases and the Coming Plagues (Baarle). New Leaf Publishing Group, 10. ISBN 0-890-51493-3.
  58. ↑ Dairy Microbiology (Baarle). University of Guelph. Feddynit er 2006-10-09.
  59. ↑ Gray, N.F. (2004). Biology of Wastewater Treatement (Baarle). Imperial College Press, 1164. ISBN 1-860-94332-2.
  60. ↑ Kitani, Osumu and Carl W. Hall (1989). Biomass Handbook (Baarle). Taylor & Francis US, 256. ISBN 2-881-24269-3.
  61. ↑ Pimental, David (2007). Food, Energy, and Society (Baarle). CRC Press, 289. ISBN 1-420-04667-5.
  62. ↑ Tickell, Joshua et al. (2000). From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel (Baarle). Biodiesel America, 53. ISBN 0-970-72270-2.
  63. ↑ Inslee, Jay et al. (2008). Apollo's Fire: Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy (Baarle). Island Press, 157. ISBN 1-597-26175-0.
  64. ↑ Castrillo JI, Oliver SG (2004). "Yeast as a touchstone in post-genomic research: strategies for integrative analysis in functional genomics" (Baarle). J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37 (1): 93–106. PMID 14761307. 
  65. ↑ Suter B, Auerbach D, Stagljar I (2006). "Yeast-based functional genomics and proteomics technologies: the first 15 years and beyond" (Baarle). BioTechniques 40 (5): 625–44. doi:10.2144/000112151. PMID 16708762. 
  66. ↑ Sunnerhagen P (2002). "Prospects for functional genomics in Schizosaccharomyces pombe" (Baarle). Curr. Genet. 42 (2): 73–84. doi:10.1007/s00294-002-0335-6. PMID 12478386. 
  67. ↑ Soni, S.K. (2007). Microbes: A Source of Energy for 21st Century (Baarle). New India Publishing. ISBN 8-189-42214-6.
  68. ↑ Moses, Vivian et al. (1999). Biotechnology: The Science and the Business (Baarle). CRC Press, 563. ISBN 9-057-02407-1.
  69. ↑ Langford, Roland E. (2004). Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological (Baarle). Wiley-IEEE, 140. ISBN 0-471-46560-7.
  70. ↑ O'Hara A, Shanahan F (2006). "The gut flora as a forgotten organ" (Baarle). EMBO Rep 7 (7): 688–93. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMID 16819463. 
  71. ↑ Eckburg P, Lepp P, Relman D (2003). "Archaea and their potential role in human disease" (Baarle). Infect Immun 71 (2): 591–6. doi:10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003. PMID 12540534. 
  72. ↑ Lepp P, Brinig M, Ouverney C, Palm K, Armitage G, Relman D (2004). "Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease" (Baarle). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (16): 6176–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308766101. PMID 15067114. 

Kianglaghyn çheumooie

reagh
Feddynit ass "https://gv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mynorgaanagh&oldid=334192"