Faastan clouderagh
Ta faastan clouderagh, faastan prental, ny clou-phreays çheet er saase obbrinagh ta cur broo er eaghtyr doo ta lhie er mean prental (lheid as pabyr ny eaddagh), gastreeaghey yn doo dys y vean shen. She shareaghey mooar v'eh er aghtyn prental hie roish raad va'n eaddagh, y pabyr, ny yn mean elley skeabit ny rubbit reesht as reesht dy livrey yn doo as ren eh siyraghey yn loaghtey. V'eh ymmydit da teksyn er y chooid smoo as va ynlaght as skeaylley yn 'aastan clouderagh feer chummaghtagh mastey taghyrtyn y nah villey bleeaney.[1][2]
Mysh y vlein 1440, ren y gaue airhey Johannes Gutenberg ynlaghtey faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'sy Ghermaan. Chur eh bun rish y Vun-chaghlaa Prental. V'eh kiaddit er cummey scrod-phreayssyn v'ayn hannah, as va faastan clouderagh yn Aaruggyree lesh clou so-ghleashagh jargal begnagh 3,600 duillagyn y ghientyn 'sy laa,[3] ayns cosoylaght rish daeed liorish y laue-chloughrafeeaght as kuse veg liorish laue-choipal.[4] Chur laue-vulley noa Gutenberg rish crooaght chruinn as happee clou so-ghleashagh meainagh ayns mooadyssyn mooarey. Ren e ghaa ynlaght, y laue-vulley as y faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh, leodaghey costys prental lioaryn as docamadyn 'syn Oarpey.
Hie yn faastan clouderagh er ny skealley magh veih Mainz dys ny smoo na daa cheead baljyn ayns dussan dy heeraghyn Oarpagh roish shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn.[5] Roish 1500, ren faastanyn clouderagh feie'n Oarpey Heear gientyn ny smoo na feead millioonyn d'ym-lioaryn.[5] 'Sy 16oo eash, as faastanyn clouderagh sheeaney ny s'odjey as ny s'odjey, dirree troar ny faastanyn clouderagh er jeih keayrtyn dys mysh 150 millioonyn dys 200 millioonyn dy choipyn.[5] Roish y 17oo eash veanagh, haink ny chied 'aastanyn clouderagh gys America choloinagh myr freggyrt da'n aggyrtys mooar er Bibleyn as er lettyraght chrauee elley.[6]
Chur çheet y phrental lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'syn Oarpey car yn Aaruggyr rish toshiaght eash yn eddyrinsh vooar, red cheaghil strughtoor y çheshaght dy beayn. Hie kiarkley as lhaihderaght fysseree as eieyn (bun-chaghlaaee) tessen joarraghyn as ghow eh stiagh y sleih car yn Aachummey, as ren eh baggyrt er ny h-eaghtyryssyn politickagh as crauee. Vrish mooadaghey yn lettyrys greim margee ny sleih mullee er yn ynsagh as chur eh rish y veanvrastyl va girree. Harrish yn Oarpey, chur sheeyney yn 'aastan clouderagh dy mooar rish çheet yn ashoonaghys bunneydagh as lhiasaghey çhengaghyn dooghyssagh dys skielley staydys y Ladjyn myr glare chadjin.[7] 'Sy 19oo eash, chur y faastan clouderagh fo bree gaal rish prental er scaailey çhynskylagh.[8]
Noteyn reagh
- ↑ Myr sampleyr, ayns 1999, chur A&E Network Gutenberg stiagh 'sy chied ynnyd er nyn rolley "People of the Millennium" Er ny hashtey 29 Luanistyn 2010 ec y Wayback Machine. Ayns 1997, reih yn earishlioar Time–Life ynlaght Gutenberg myr yn ynlaght smoo scanshoil jeh'n nah villey bleeaney Er ny hashtey 10 Mayrnt 2010 ec y Wayback Machine; ren kiare earisheyryn mooarey Americaanagh y red cheddin ayns 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium Er ny hashtey 3 Mayrnt 2012 ec y Wayback Machine. Ta'n entreilys er Johann Gutenberg Er ny hashtey 2008-04-14 ec y Wayback Machine 'sy Chicklipaid Chatoleagh cur sheese er e ynlaght myr red chur bwoalley cultooragh yn-obbree gyn cosoylaght car yn eash Chreestee.
- ↑ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
- ↑ Wolf 1974, dgn. 67f.:
From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.
"Foddee shin jannoo magh dy row cooieys faastan clouderagh mysh y vlein 1600, gra dy nee laa obbree 15 ooryn t'ayn, eddyr 3.200 as 3.600 preaysallyn 'sy laa." - ↑ Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, dg. 12:
This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.
"Ren yn aght shoh dooblaghey bieuid y phrental as ren eh ny smoo na 40 coipyn 'sy laa. Haink çhaghnoaylleeaght y phrental dys y vullagh ec y traa shen." - ↑ a b c Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. Lunnin: New Left Books. Imraait ayns: Anderson, Benedict. Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo. Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico, 1993. ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2. dgn. 58f.
- ↑ Berthold, 1970, dgn. 20, 26, 39,
- ↑ Anderson, Benedict: Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo, Fondo de cultura económica, Meksico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, dgn. 63–76
- ↑ Gerhardt 1978, dg. 217
Imraaghyn reagh
- Berthold, Arthur Benedict (1970), American colonial printing as determined by contemporary cultural forces, 1639–1763, York Noa : B. Franklin, ISBN 978-0-8337-02616
- Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (1980), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29955-8
- Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, Lunnin: Verso, ISBN 978-1-85984-108-2
- Gerhardt, Claus W. (1978), "Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert?", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch: 212–217
- Man, John (2002), The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World, Lunnin: Headline Review, ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9
- McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1d ln.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-6041-9
- Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974), Geschichte der Druckpressen (1d ln.), Frankfurt/Main: Interprint
Kianglaghyn magh reagh
- Centre for the History of the Book (er ny hashtey er 6 Mean Souree 2016)
- Gutenberg printing − Fotografyn jeh Incunabula as Bible Gutenberg (1455) (er ny hashtey er 28 Mean Fouyir 2007)