Arraghys (çhengoaylleeaght)
Ayns sheshengoaylleeaght, ta arraghys ny lect çheet er fo-'oirran çhengey ny continuum abbyrtagh ennagh as cummey er lheh echey. Ta troyn er lheh ec dagh arraghys ny çhengey. Ta arraghyssyn goaill stiagh çhengaghyn, abbyrtyn, blassyn, sur-reamyn, aghtyn as eieyn elley, chammah's y çhengey chadjinit hene.[1] Ta'n fockle "arraghys" shaghney cur "çhengey" ny "abbyrt" er ny fo-'oirranyn shen: ta'n theay lhiettal "çhengey" da çhengey chadjinit dy mennick, as ta blass politickagh er; as ta "abbyrt" shassoo noi "cadjinit" myr cummey s'inshley as sloo kiart, ny keayrtyn.[2] Ta çhengoayllee loayrt er arraghyssyn cadjinit as neuchadjinit. Ta "lect" ny "arraghys" shaghney jannoo briwnys my ta daa chummaghyn nyn jengaghyn hene ny nyn abbyrtyn ny çhengey cheddin. Dy cadjin, ta anchaslyssyn tasht-fockle ynrican (m.s. far-ghlare ny glare roosteyryn) coontit myr tro sur-ream, agh ny keayrtyn, t'ad coontit myr nyn arraghys hene.[1]
Ta çhengey chadjinit ny h-arraghys: fer ta ymmyd screeuee lettyragh jeant jeh as ta er ny veenaghey myr norm glare er son fockley magh as grammeydys. Ta sleih geddyraghey arraghys cadjinit (çhengey chadjinit) veih arraghyssyn neuchadjinit (abbyrtyn, abbyrtyn sheshoil, çhengaghyn ardjynagh, glare ny theay).
Ta kiaddey arraghys Eugenio Coseriu soilshaghey magh kiare towshanyn arraghys:
- diatopic ("eddyr-ynnydagh"). Anchaslyssyn eddyr ardjyn y voodeeys glare; abbyrtyn.
- diastratic ("eddyr-cheimagh"). Anchaslyssyn eddyr brastylyn sheshoil; abbyrtyn sheshoil.
- diaphasic ("eddyr-phaase"). Anchaslyssyn bentyn rish coheks inshagh, dean as cre'n aght by vie lesh y loayreyder jeeaghyn da coloayrtee); sur-ream.[3]
- diasituative ("eddyr-hoieagh"). Anchaslyssyn bentyn rish genre, myr sampleyr, jannoo recortys, ynsaghey, cur taitnys. Ta kianglaghyn cliaghtagh eddyr dean yn ughtar as cummey ny glare.[4]
Er son arraghyssyn diastratic ta enney ny loayreyderyn (idiolect, keintys, aegid) as olteynys possan ny brastyl ennagh (abbyrt sheshoil a.r.e.) scanshoil. Ta diaphasic arraghyssyn cowrit liorish troa-hoie[noa] (orientation) obbree as soiee (m.s. çhengey vrisht as glare ny theay).
Imraaghyn
reagh- ↑ a b Marjorie Meecham; Janie Rees-Miller (2001). "Language in social contexts", ayns W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller: Contemporary Linguistics. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 537-590.
- ↑ Natalies Schilling-Estes (2006). "Dialect variation", ayns R.W. Fasold & J. Connor-Linton: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 311-341.
- ↑ R. R. K. Hartmann (2002). Dictionary of lexicography. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415141435.
- ↑ (2007) ayns Stephan Elspass: Germanic language histories 'from below' (1700-2000). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110193350. “(enmys "Frühneuhochdeutsches Lesebuch", Reichmann and Wegera, 1988: XII)”