Oordooish
She çhengey Ind-Ayreeanagh ta loayrit 'syn Aishey Yiass er y chooid smoo ee yn Oordooish (اُردُو, ALA-LC: Urdū).[10][11] She çhengey ashoonagh as glare chadjin y Phakistaan t'ee, raad t'ee ny çhengey oikoil cur liorish y Vaarle.[12] 'Syn Injey, ta'n Oordooish coontit myr çhengey yn Hoghtoo Skedjal, as ta Bunraght yn Injey cur enney da staydys as eiraght cultooragh y çhengey;[13][14] as ta staydys oikoil ennagh eck ayns shiartanse dy steatyn yn Injey.[note 1][12] Ayns Nepaal, ta'n Oordooish enmyssit myr abbyrt ardjynagh recortyssit[15] as 'syn Affrick Yiass ta'n bunraght coadey yn çhengey. Chammah's shen, t'ee loayrit myr myn-çhengey 'syn Afghanistaan as 'sy Vangladesh gyn staydys oikoil.
T'eh er ny ve raait dy nee keim yn Hindustaanish ee yn Oordooish;[16][17] Ta'n Oordooish as y Hindish çheet as bun tasht-fockle, sheeanchoryssaghtys, co-ordrail, as grammeydys cadjin veih'n Tanskrit as y Phrakrit as, kyndagh rish shen, t'ad co-hohoiggalagh car tagglooyn laaoil.[18][19][20] Choud's ta'n Oordooish tayrn tasht-fockle lettyragh, politickagh, as çhaghnoil veih'n Phershish,[21] ta'n Hindish tayrn y tasht-fockle shen veih'n Tanskrit; rere shen, ta co-hohoiggalys y daa hengey leodaghey choud's ta keim yn ormoilid gardjaghey.[22]
Daase yn Oordooish ayns ard Ganges-Yamuna Doab, agh haghyr lhiassaghey mooar ayns Ard-chlaare Deccan.[23] Ayns 1837, haink yn Oordooish dy ve ny çhengey oikoil ayns Colught Goaldagh yn Injey Hiar, ayns ynnyd y Phershish harrish yn Injey hwoaie car reill y Cholught; derrey shoh she Pershish va çhengey ny cooyrtey ayns impiraghtyn Ind-Islamagh eigsoylagh.[24] Dirree faghteyryn crauee, sheshoil, as politickagh car eash choloinagh yn Injey chur rish anchaslys eddyr yn Oordooish as y Hindish, haink gys e vullagh ayns arganys y Hindish–Oordooish.[25]
Rere oolaghyn 'sy vlein 2022 liorish Ethnologue as The World Factbook, t'er ny chur magh ec y Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ta'n Oordooish 'sy 10oo ynnyd mastey ny çhengaghyn smoo loayrit 'sy theihll, lesh 230 millioonyn dy loayreyderyn, goaill stiagh adsyn ta loayrt yn Oordooish myr y nah hengey oc.[26][27]
Noteyn
reagh- ↑ Ta staydys oikoil ennagh ec yn Oordooish 'syn Injey ayns ny steatyn Bihar, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh as y Vengaal Heear, chammah as ayns thalloo pree-valjaghh ashoonagh Delhi as ayns Thalloo Unnaneys Jammu as Kashmir.[12]
Fo-noteyn
reagh- ↑ Ta'n Oordooish loayrit as toiggit ec begnagh 90% jeh Pakistaanee, agh cha nel ee loayrit agh ec 9% myr yn ynrican çhengey ghooghyssagh oc (ooley as coontey-pobble 2023) as cha nel ee dooghyssagh da ard erbee jeh'n Phakistaan; dirree ee ayns Cryss y Hindish-Oordooish as she glare chadjin yn Injey Hwoaie roie-rheynnit v'ee.
Imraaghyn
reagh- ↑ "Data Tables". Census of India. 2011. Feddynit magh er 25 Mayrnt 2024.
- ↑ "Languages - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Feddynit magh er 2024-03-25.
- ↑ "Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II (Social Demography)" (PDF).
- ↑ a b Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., rdyn. (2024). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (27th ln.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- ↑ "Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh" (ayns en-US), Deccan Chronicles (24 Mayrnt 2022).
- ↑ "Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed" (ayns en-IN), The Hindu (23 Mayrnt 2022).
- ↑ "Urdu is Telangana's second official language" (ayns en-US), The Indian Express (16 Sauin 2017).
- ↑ "Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill", The News Minute (17 Sauin 2017).
- ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions". www.gov.za. Feddynit magh er 6 Nollick 2014.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(cooney) - ↑ Urdu language, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 5 Nollick 2019, feddynit magh er 17 Jerrey Fouyir 2020
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(cooney) - ↑ Urdu (n), Oxford English Dictionary, Mean Souree 2020, feddynit magh er 11 Mean Fouyir 2020
- ↑ a b c "Error analysis of the Urdu verb markers: a comparative study on Google and Bing machine translation platforms" (2014). Aligarh Journal of Linguistics. Ym-lioar 4 (1–2).
- ↑ Gazzola, Michele; Wickström, Bengt-Arne (2016). The Economics of Language Policy. MIT Press. dgn. 469–. ISBN 978-0-262-03470-8.
- ↑ Groff, Cynthia (2017). The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills. Palgrave Macmillan UK. dgn. 58–. ISBN 978-1-137-51961-0.
- ↑ "National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission" (PDF). MOE Nepal. 1994. dg. Appendix one. Er ny hashtey veih yn lhieggan bunneydagh (PDF) er 26 March 2023. Feddynit magh er 14 March 2021.
- ↑ Gibson, Mary (13 Boaldyn 2011). Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0821443583.
- ↑ Basu, Manisha (2017). The Rhetoric of Hindutva. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107149878.
- ↑ Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context (ayns English). Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-981-13-3125-1.
- ↑ Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., rdyn. (15 Jerrey Geuree 2023). Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning (ayns Baarle). Lexington Books. dg. 198.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney (link) - ↑ "Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar". The Times of India. 12 Mayrnt 2024. Feddynit magh er 8 Boaldyn 2024.
- ↑ Kiss, Tibor; Alexiadou, Artemis (10 Mayrnt 2015). Syntax - Theory and Analysis (ayns English). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. dg. 1479. ISBN 978-3-11-036368-5.
- ↑ Clyne, Michael (24 Boaldyn 2012). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations (ayns English). Walter de Gruyter. dg. 385. ISBN 978-3-11-088814-0.
- ↑ Taher, Mohamed (1994). Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives (ayns English). Concept Publishing Company. dg. 115. ISBN 978-81-7022-524-9.
- ↑ Metcalf, Barbara D. (2014). Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900. Princeton University Press. dgn. 207–. ISBN 978-1-4008-5610-7.
- ↑ Ahmad, Rizwan (1 Jerrey Souree 2008). "Scripting a new identity: The battle for Devanagari in nineteenth-century India". Journal of Pragmatics. Ym-lioar 40 (7): 1163–1183. doi:. ISSN 0378-2166.
- ↑ "Language Politics in Pakistan: Urdu as Official versus National Lingua Franca" (24 July 2022). Annals of Human and Social Sciences. Ym-lioar 3 (2): 82–91. doi:. ISSN 2790-6809.
- ↑ "World", The World Factbook (ayns English), Central Intelligence Agency, 20 Sauin 2023, feddynit magh er 27 Sauin 2023
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|access-date=as|date=(cooney)
Feanish
reagh- Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-272-3812-X. OCLC 233649033.
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. OCLC 18947567.
- Ohala, Manjari (1999). "Hindi". Ayns International Phonetic Association (rd.). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. dgn. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0. OCLC 1258036657.