Napoléon
Napoléon Bonaparte (ruggit myr Napoleone di Buonaparte;[1][a] 15 Luanistyn 1769 – 5 Boaldyn 1821), va enmyssit ny s'anmey fo'n ennym reeoil echey, Napoléon I, she impir as anneyder caggee Frangagh dirree dys y vullagh car Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank as stiur eh faghtyssyn rahoil car ny Caggaghyn Bun-chaghlaaee Frangagh. She toshiagh Phobblaght y Rank v'eh myr Consyl eddyr 1799 as 1804, as Impir ny Frangee er Impiraght y Rank veih 1804 derrey 1814, as reesht feie tammylt giare ayns 1815. Ta e heckteraght pholitickagh as chultooragh foast er mayrn myr toshiagh kelloorit as arganagh. Ghow eh toshiaght rish ram aa-chummaghyn, agh s'mooar yn cremeydys hooar eh kyndagh rish e reill smaghtagh. T'eh coontit myr nane jeh ny h-anneyderyn caggee share v'ayn rieau as t'ad foast jannoo studeyryssyn er e chaggaghyn as faghtyssyn ayns scoillyn caggee feie ny cruinney. Ansherbee, ta screeudeyryn shennaghys foast arganey er cooishyn ny Caggaghyn Napoleonagh, varr eddyr tree as shey millioonyn dy leih, as e phaart freggyrtagh ayndaue.[2][3]
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Va Napoléon ruggit er ellan y Chorsickey lesh mooinjer jeh sluight yn ooashlaght Iddaalagh.[4][5] V'eh myskidagh rish y vonarkaght Rangagh, as hass eh er çheu yn Vun-chaghlaa Frangagh ayns 1789 tra v'eh shirveish 'syn armee Rangagh, jannoo eabyn e ard-smooinaghtyn y skeaylley dys e halloo ghooghyssagh 'sy Chorskickey. Dirree eh dy tappee ayns ny rhenkyn erreish da Stiureydys y Rank y hauail tra doardee eh lhiggey er ny h-irreyderyn magh reeoil. Ayns 1796, ghow eh toshiaght rish faghtys caggee noi ny h-Austeyree as nyn gaarjyn Iddaalagh. Chossyn eh ram barriaghtyn as haink eh dy ve ny 'eniagh ashoonagh. Daa vlein ny s'anmey, stiur eh turrys-contoyrtys caggee dys yn Egypt haink dy ve ny chlist-chlaare dys y phooar politickagh. Chur eh bun rish eaght ayns Mee Houney 1799 as haink eh dy ve ny Chied Chonsyl er y Phobblaght. Ayns 1804, niartee as vooadee eh e phooar, as ren eh crooinaghey eshyn hene myr Impir ny Frangee.
Chur anchaslyssyn noi'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit rish Caggey yn Trass Cochiangley roish 1805. Vrish Napoléon y cochiangley shoh lesh barriaghtyn ayns faghtys Ulm as Cah Austerlitz, hug rish jee-skeaylley yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee. Ayns 1806, ghow yn Kiarroo Cochiangley armyn noi echey. Chur Napoléon y Phroosh fo haart ec cahyn Jena as Auerstedt, chur eh yn Grande Armée stiagh 'syn Oarpey Hiar, as chur eh ny Rooshee fo haart ayns Mean Souree 1807 ayns Friedland, raad deginee eh ashoonyn castit y Chiarroo Cochiangley doltey rish Conaantyn Tilsit. Daa vlein ny s'anmey, hass ny h-Austeyree noi ny Frangee reesht car Caggey yn Wheiggoo Cochiangley, agh niartee Napoléon e ghreim harrish yn Oarpey erreish da barriaght y gheddyn ec Cah Wagram.
As eh geearree y Corys Mooarheeragh y vooadaghey, cur liorish lhiettalys noi'n Vretyn Vooar, ren eh ruegys er Lieh-innys yn Ibeir as ren eh fogrey dy nee e vraar Joseph Ree yn Spaainey ayns 1808. Dirree ny Spaainee as ny Portiugee magh 'sy Chaggey Lieh-inshagh lesh cooney veih'n armee Ghoaldagh, haink gys y jerrey lesh castey da marshyllyn Napoléon. Ren Napoléon launshey ruegys er y Roosh ayns sourey 1812. Haink castey craghoil da'n Grande Armée 'syn aghtys shen. Ayns 1813, heuee yn Phroosh as yn Austeyr rish ny forsaghyn Rooshagh 'sy Çheyoo Cochiangley, as ayns Cah Leipzig va armee Napoléon currit fo haart. Ren y cochiangley ruegys er y Rank as ghow ad greim er Paarys, raad deginee ad Napoléon y irree ass y chrooin ayns Averil 1814. V'eh ceaut ayns eebyrtys dys ellan Elba, eddyr y Chorsickey as yn Iddaal. 'Sy Rank, va ny Bourbonee currit er ash er y troyn.
Ren Napoléon scaapail ayns Toshiaght Arree 1815 as ghow eh greim er y Rank reesht.[6] Myr freggyrtys, ren ny Cochaarjyn cur y Sheyoo Cochiangley er bun, chur Napoléon fo haart ec Cah Waterloo ayns Mean Souree 1815. Chur ny Goaldee Napoléon ayns eebyrtys er yn ellan fadaneagh Ellan Heleno Noo 'sy Cheayn Sheear, raad hooar eh baase ayns 1821 as eh 51 vlein d'eash.
Va builley mooar ec Napoléon er y theihll, chur aachummaghyn jeianit dys y Rank as yn Oarpey Heear[b] as greinnaghey lhiassaghey ashoon-steatyn. Chammah's shen chreck eh Thalloo Louisiana da ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ayns 1803, ren mooadaghey ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er daa cheayrt ny smoo.[2][13] Ansherbee, va recortyssyn mestit echey bentyn rish cairyn sheelnaue as doo-heyrey ny thallooyn fo chosh.[c]
Noteyn
reagh- ↑ Frangish: Napoléon Bonaparte; Clowan:Lang-co.
- ↑ Chur eh corys ynsagh theayagh er bun,[7] cheau eh magh ny lorgyn jerrinagh jeh'n feodaghys,[8] ren eh seyrey ny h-Ewnyn as mynlee chrauee elley,[9] chur eh jerrey rish Ard-vrialtys y Spaainey,[10] ren eh slattyssaghey er son coadaghyn leighoil da ny meanvrastyllyn,[11] as ren eh laaraghey pooar y steat ayns ynnyd y lught reill chrauee.[12]
- ↑ Chur eh jerrey rish yn aastan seyr, chur eh jerrey rish reiltys jeeragh-reih, chur eh cremeyderyn e reill stiagh 'sy phryssoon ny magh er eebyrtys, chur eh yn cleabaght stiagh reesht ayns coloinyn y Rank goaill magh Haiti, chur eh lhiettrimys er entreilys deiney gormey as deiney buigh 'sy Rank, leodee eh cairyn ny mraane as ny paitçhyn, chur eh stiagh monarkaght eiraghtagh as yn ooashlaght reesht,[14][15][16] as chur eh ireeyn-magh sheese lesh raghlid.[17]
Symnaghyn
reagh- ↑ Dwyer 2008a, dg. xv.
- ↑ a b Roberts 2014, Introduction
- ↑ Messenger, Charles, rd. (2001). Reader's Guide to Military History. Routledge. dgn. 391–427. ISBN 978-1-135-95970-8.
- ↑ Roberts 2014, dg. 3.
- ↑ Geoffrey Ellis (1997). "Chapter 2". Napoleon. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-1317874690. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 22 Luanistyn 2022. Feddynit magh er 22 Luanistyn 2022.
- ↑ Forrest, Alan (2015). Waterloo: Great Battles. Oxford University Press. dg. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-966325-5. Feddynit magh er 14 Mean Souree 2021.
- ↑ Grab 2003, dg. 56.
- ↑ Broers, M.; Hicks, P.; Guimera, A. (2012-10-10). The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture. Springer. dg. 230. ISBN 978-1-137-27139-6. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 2 Nollick 2023. Feddynit magh er 2 Nollick 2023.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=as|archive-date=(cooney) - ↑ Conner 2004, dgn. 38–40.
- ↑ Pérez, Joseph (2005). The Spanish Inquisition: A History. Yale University Press. dg. 98. ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 2 Nollick 2023. Feddynit magh er 2 Nollick 2023.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|access-date=as|archive-date=(cooney) - ↑ Fremont-Barnes & Fisher 2004, dg. 336.
- ↑ Grab 2017, dgn. 204–211.
- ↑ Connelly 2006, dg. 70.
- ↑ Dwyer 2015a, dgn. 574–76, 582–84.
- ↑ Conner 2004, dgn. 32–34, 50–51.
- ↑ Bell 2015, dg. 52.
- ↑ Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). "Furore over Austerlitz ceremony", BBC.
Farraneyn-fys
reagh- Bell, David A. (2015). Napoleon: A Concise Biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026271-6. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 7 December 2023. Feddynit magh er 5 December 2023.
- Connelly, Owen (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5318-7.
- Conner, Susan P. (2004). The Age of Napoleon. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32014-4.
- Dwyer, Philip (2008a). Napoleon: The Path to Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13754-5.
- Dwyer, Phillip (2015a). "Napoleon, the Revolution and the Empire". Ayns Andress, David (rd.). The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-963974-8.
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-831-1.
- Grab, Alexander (2003). Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0333682753.
- Grab, Alexander (2017). Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4039-3757-5. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 2 December 2023. Feddynit magh er 2 December 2023.
- Roberts, Andrew (2014). Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-670-02532-9.
Kianglaghyn magh
reagh
- The Napoleonic Guide (Baarle)
- Napoleon Series (Baarle)
- International Napoleonic Society (Baarle)
- Beashnys liorish PBS (Baarle)
- Obbraghyn liorish Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg
- Rose, John Holland (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (ayns English). Ym-l. 19 (11d ln.). dgn. 190–211.
- Obbraghyn liorish Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg
- Obbraghyn liorish ny bentyn rish Napoléon ec yn Internet Archive
- Obbraghyn liorish Napoléon ec LibriVox (lioaryn-sheean 'sy reamys theayagh)
- Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg
- Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg
- Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg
- Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg Ym-lioar 1/4
- Napoleon Personal Manuscripts & Letters
- Napoléon ec Project Gutenberg Ym-lioar 3/4