Nama (çhengey)
Ta Nama, enmyssit Khoekhoe ny Khoekhoegowab myrgeddin, (shenn-ennym Hottentot) ny çhengey Khoisan smoo scanshoil as pobbylagh. T'ee ny oltey jeh'n chynney çhengey Khoe, as t'ee loayrit ayns y Nameeb, y Votswaan as yn Affrick Yiass lesh ny Namaqua, Damara as ny Haiǁom. T'eh Khoekhoen ennym loayreyder ny çhengey, ass eh goit magh ass aachoipal as y meer yerree -n dy yannoo taishbynys dy vel eh n'ockle ylrey. Rere Ethnologue va ny smoo na 250,000 loayreyderyn ayns ny 1990yn.
| Nama | ||
|---|---|---|
| Khoekhoegowab | ||
| Goll er loayrt ayns | Yn Nameeb, Yn Votswaan, Yn Affrick Yiass | |
| Ard | Yn Awin Orange, Yn Mooarheer Nama | |
| Earroo loayreyderyn | 250,000 Yn Nameeb: mygeayrt 176,000 (1998) as 16,000 Haiǁom (1995) Yn Votswaan: 1,500 (2002) Yn Affrick Yiass: 56,000 (1989) | |
| Kynney çhengey | Kwadi-Khoe
| |
| Staydys oikoil | ||
| Çhengey oikoil ayns | Çhengey ashoonagh ny Nameeb | |
| Fo stiurey ec | gyn stiureyder oikoil | |
| Coadyn çhengey | ||
| ISO 639-1 | gyn coad | |
| ISO 639-2 | khi | |
| ISO 639-3 | anchasley: hgm — Haiǁom kqz — Korana naq — Nama xii — Xiri | |
[[Coadan: | ||
| Nodyn: Foddee vel cowraghyn sheeanagh ASE ayns Unicode er yn duillag shoh. | ||
Ta Nama ny çhengey ashoonagh ayns y Nameeb. Ta claareyn radio soilshit magh ayns y Nameeb as yn Affrick Yiass ass Nama.
Rheynn çheeroaylleeagh reagh
Ta 250,000 loayreyderyn ayns y Nameeb, yn Affrick Yiass as y Votswaan.
Abbyrtyn reagh
- Damara
- Damara Sesfontein
- Namidama
- Damara Veanagh
- Nama (kiart)
- Nama Gimsbok
- Haiǁom
Sheeanchoryssaghtys reagh
Breeocklyn reagh
Ta 5 foaynooee breeocklagh ta ry-gheddyn myr focklagh /i e a o u/ as stronnagh /ĩ ã ũ/. Foddee orroo ve giare ny foddey, as ta shiartanse oardee ny daaghooaghtyn: focklagh [əi ae əu ao ui oa oe] as stronnagh [ə͠ı ə͠u u͠ı o͠a]. (ta [ə] sheeaney myr /a/.)
Toanyn reagh
Ta tree toanyn 'sy çhengey, /á, ā, à/ as foddee orroo dy ve er breeocklyn as er stadyn stronnagh. Cha nel y toan meanagh screeuit.
Corocklyn reagh
Ta 31 chorockle: 20 smaghyn as giare-phossan neu-smaghyn.
Neu-smaghyn reagh
| Meillagh | Cooyl-eeacklagh | Coghooysagh | Sluggidagh | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroanney | m | n | ||
| Bleaystagh | p ~ β | t ~ ɾ | k kʰ | ʔ |
| Screebagh | s | x | h |
Eddyr breeocklyn, ta /p/ focklit magh myr [β] as ta /t/ focklit magh myr [ɾ].
Smaghyn reagh
Ta ny smaghyn nyn gorocklyn t'oltit daa cheayrt. Ta kiare focklaghyn toshee ny "lhieenaghyn" as queig fo-ocklaghyn ny "deayrtaghyn" lesh dagh smagh. Ta 20 sheeanyn lesh cochiangle ny lhieenaghyn as ny deayrtaghyn.
Dy mennick ta ny smaghyn boggit focklit magh myr affricaidyn. T'eh shen, foddee er /kǃˣ/ dy ve focklit magh myr [kǃʰ] dys [kǃx].
T'eh doccar cur cleaysh er ny co-immeeaghtyn stronnagh neughooagh tra nagh vel ad eddyr breeocklyn, as myr shen, foddee dy vel eh focklit magh myr lhieggan scoarnagh y cho-immeeaght boggit da cleayshyn neughooghyssagh.
| co-immeeaght | smaghyn affricaidagh | smaghyn 'geyre' | cairscreeu cadjinit (lesh "ǃ") | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| smaghyn feeacklagh |
smaghyn lhiattagh |
smaghyn cooyleeacklagh |
smaghyn cleaoil | ||
| Tenuis | kǀ | kǁ | kǃ | kǂ | <ǃg> |
| Boggaghys | kǀˣ | kǁˣ | kǃˣ | kǂˣ | <ǃkh> |
| Stroanney | ŋǀ | ŋǁ | ŋǃ | ŋǂ | <ǃn> |
| Stronnagh neughooagh lesh boggaghys moal-obbragh |
ŋ̊ǀʰ | ŋ̊ǁʰ | ŋ̊ǃʰ | ŋ̊ǂʰ | <ǃh> |
| Tenuis lesh stad sluggidagh | kǀʔ | kǁʔ | kǃʔ | kǂʔ | <ǃ> |
Lhaih neesht reagh
- Beach, Douglas M. 1938. The phonetics of the Hottentot language. Cambridge: Heffer.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1976. A Nama grammar: the noun-phrase. MA thesis. University of Cape Town.
- Haacke, Wilfrid H. G. 1977. The so-called "personal pronoun" in Nama. In Traill, Anthony, ed., Khoisan linguistic studies 3, 43-62. Communications 6. Johannesburg: African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1978. Subject deposition in Nama. MA thesis. University of Essex. Colchester (UK).
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. Compound noun phrases in Nama. In Derek F. Gowlett, ed., African linguistic contributions (Festschrift Ernst Westphal), 189-194. Pretoria: Via Afrika.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1992. Dislocated noun phrases in Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara): further evidence for the sentential hypothesis. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 29, 149-162.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1995. Instances of incorporation and compounding in Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara). In Anthony Traill, Rainer Vossen and Marguerite Anne Megan Biesele, eds., The complete linguist: papers in memory of Patrick J. Dickens, 339-361. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Haacke, Wilfrid, Eliphas Eiseb and Levi Namaseb. 1997. Internal and external relations of Khoekhoe dialects: a preliminary survey. In Wilfrid Haacke & Edward D. Elderkin, eds., Namibian languages: reports and papers, 125-209. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag for the University of Namibia.
- Haacke, Wilfrid. 1999. The tonology of Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara). Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research in Khoisan studies, Bd 16. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Haacke, Wilfrid H.G. & Eiseb, Eliphas (2002) A Khoekhoegowab dictionary with an English-Khoekhoegowab index. Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan. ISBN 99916-0-401-4
- Hagman, Roy S. 1977. Nama Hottentot grammar. Language science monographs, v 15. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Hahn, Theophilus. 1870. Die Sprache der Nama, nebst einem Anhang enthaltend Sprachproben aus dem Munde des Volkes. Redigierte Ausgabe eine Dissertation mit einem Anhang über Mythen der Khoi-khoin nebst Übersetzung und Wörterverzeichnis. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.