Mahommad
She toshiagh crauee, sheshoil, as politickagh Arabagh chammah as bunneyder yn Islam[a] va Mahommad[b] (Arabish: مُحَمَّد; c. 570 – 8 Mean Souree 632 CE[c]). Rere yn aaraue Islamagh, she phadeyr v'eh hooar breeaghys jeeoil dy phreaçheil as dy hickyraghey ny h-ynsaghyn un-jeeagh veih Adaue, Abraham, Moses, Yeesey, as veih phadeyryn elley.[2][3][4] Çheusthie jeh'n Islam, ta'd credjal dy nee eshyn Seal ny Phadeyryn, as ta'n Quran myrane lesh e ynsaghyn as e chliaghtaghyn jannoo bun y chredjue crauee Islamagh.
Va Mahommad ruggit mysh y vlein 570 CE ayns Mecca.[1] She mac lesh Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib as Amina bint Wahb v'eh. Hooar e ayr echey, Abdullah, mac lesh y toshiagh Quraysh eggyssagh Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, baase mysh traa ruggyree Vahommad. Hooar e voir, Amina, baase tra v'eh shey bleeaney d'eash, red daag Mahommad ny hreoghan.[5][6] V'eh troggit fo laueyn e hennayr, Abd al-Muttalib, as e naim ayroil, Abu Talib.[7] Ayns ny bleeantyn ny s'anmey, hie eh keayrtyn ayns keiltynys ayns ooig slieau enmyssit Hira feie shiartanse d'oieghyn padjeragh. Tra v'eh 40 bleeaney d'eash, mysh y vlein 610 CE, ren Mahommad fogrey dy ren Gabriel keayrt er as eh 'syn ooig[1] raad hooar eh e chied ashlish veih Jee. Ayns 613,[8] hoshee Mahommad preaçheil ny h-ashlishyn shen er ard,[9] fockley magh "dy nee Jee un Jee", dy nee slane "viallys" (islām) fo Jee (Allah) yn ymmyrkey bea kiart (dīn),[10] as dy row eh ny phadeyr as ny haghtyer lesh Jee, gollrish phadeyryn elley 'syn Islam.[3][11][12]
S'goan va eiyrtyssee Vahommad hoshiaght, as haink noidaght veih yl-jeeaghteyryn ass Mecca feie 13 bleeaney. As eh geearee shaghney yn tranlaase, chur eh shiartanse jeh ny h-eiyrtysee echey dys yn Abysseen ayns 615, roish darree eh as e eiyrtyssee veih Mecca dys Medina (va enmyssit Yathrib ec y traa shen) ny s'anmey ayns 622. Ta'n taghyrt shoh, yn Hijrah, ny hoshiaght jeh'n eaillere Islamagh, ta enmyssit feaillere Hijrah chammah. Tra v'eh ayns Medina, ren Mahommad unnaneyssey ny h-eggyssyn fo Bunraght Medina. Ayns Mee ny Nollick 629, lurg hoght bleeaney dy chahyn anchinjagh lesh eggyssyn Mecca, haggil Mahommad armee er gathered an army of 10,000 noa-chredjaltee Voslymagh as ren eh marçhal er ard-valley Mecca. Va'n varriaght begnagh neustreeuit, as ghow Mahommad yn ard-valley gyn monney guintee. Ayns 632, reggyryn dy veeghyn lurg haink eh er-ash veih Pirgrinid yn Aagail, haink çhingys er as hooar eh baase. Roish laa e vaaish, va'n chooid smoo jeh Lieh-innys yn Arabaght er ny hyndaa dys yn Islam.[13][14]
Ta ny h-ashlishyn (ayat) hooar Mahommad derrey e vaaish jannoo raneyn y Quran, coontit myr Moslymee myr "Fockle Yee" lettyragh as dy vel y chraueeaght bunnit orroo. Goaill magh y Quran, ta ynsaghyn as cliaghtaghyn Vahommad (sunnah), ta feddynit ayns coontyssyn ym-skeayllit (hadith) as ayns e hene-veashnys (sīrah), freaylt as ymmydit myr bun y leigh Islamagh.
Noteyn
- ↑ Rere Welch, Moussalli & Newby 2009, screeu da Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind."
çhynd. She aachrootagh crauee, politickagh, as sheshoil va Phadeyr yn Islam hug rish nane jeh ny h-ard-veenidyn smoo 'sy theihll. Veih perspeghtaght noa-emshiragh, shenndeeagh, she bunneyder yn Islam va Mahommad. Veih perspeghtaght y chredjue Islamagh, she Çhaghter Yee (rasūl Allāh) v'eh, va gerrymit dy ve ny "raaueyder", hoshiaght dys ny h-Arabee as, eisht, dys y çheelnaue. - ↑ Shymmey enmys as ennym ta currit er, goaill stiagh Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Çhaghter Yee, y Phadeyr Mahommad, Ostyl Yee, Phadeyr Jerrinagh yn Islam, as enmyn elley; shymmey caghlaa lettraghyn jeh Mahommad t'ayn, lheid as Muhammad, Mohamet, Mohammed, Mahamad, Muhamad, Mohamed, as enmyn elley.
- ↑ Ta Goldman 1995, dg. 63, toyrt 8 Mean Souree 632 CE, yn ard-tradishoon Islamagh. Ta ram tradishoonyn (neu-Islamagh er y chooid smoo) ny s'leah gra dy row eh foast bio ec traa yn varriaght Voslymagh er y Phalasteen.
Imraaghyn
Symnaghyn
- ↑ a b c Conrad 1987.
- ↑ Welch, Moussalli & Newby 2009.
- ↑ a b Esposito 2002, dgn. 4–5.
- ↑ Esposito 1998, dg. 9,12.
- ↑ Rodinson 2021, dgn. 38, 41–3.
- ↑ Rodgers 2012, dg. 22.
- ↑ Watt 1974, dg. 7.
- ↑ Howarth, Stephen. Knights Templar. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8264-8034-7 dg. 199.
- ↑ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, dgn. 26–27. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
- ↑ Ahmad 2009.
- ↑ Peters 2003, dg. 9.
- ↑ Buhl & Welch 1993.
- ↑ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977, dg. 57.
- ↑ Lapidus 2002, dgn. 31–32.
Farraneyn-fys
- Ahmad, Anis (2009). "Dīn". Ayns John L. Esposito (rd.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 5 Nollick 2017.
{{cite kicklipaid}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(cooney)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ym-l. 7 (2nd ln.). Brill. dgn. 360–376. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- Conrad, Lawrence I. (1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Ym-lioar 50 (2): 225–40. doi:.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3oo ln.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- Esposito, John (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.
- Goldman, Elizabeth (1995). Believers: spiritual leaders of the world. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508240-1.
- Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam (paperback ln.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ln.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
- Rodgers, Russ (2012). The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3766-0.
- Rodinson, Maxime (2 Mayrnt 2021). Muhammad. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-68137-493-2.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881078-4.
- Welch, Alford T.; Moussalli, Ahmad S.; Newby, Gordon D. (2009). "Muḥammad". Ayns John L. Esposito (rd.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er 11 Toshiaght Arree 2017.
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