Shennaghys Vannin: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Duillag noa: Ta '''Ellan Vannin''' ny boayl cummaltys deiney veih jerrey yn Eash Rioee Yerrinagh ny smoo na 10,000 bleeantyn er-dy-henney. Haink ram soiagheryn as traghtalee gys y... |
No edit summary |
||
Linney 27:
Evidence may yet be forthcoming to shed further light on this area of debate from the study of the landscape, place names and land tenure.
Tradition attributes the island's conversion to Christianity to [[St Maughold]] (Maccul), an Irish missionary who gives his name to a parish. The island's name derives from ''[[Manannán mac Lir|Manannán]]'', the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god.-->
==Kioneys Loghlynagh==
<!--During the period of Scandinavian domination there are two main epochs – one before the conquest of Mann by [[Godred Crovan]] in 1079, and the other after it. Warfare and unsettled rule characterize the earlier epoch; the later saw comparatively more peace.
Between about A.D. 800 and 815 the Vikings came to Mann chiefly for plunder; between about 850 and 990, when they settled in it, the island fell under the rule of the Scandinavian [[Kings of Dublin]]; and between 990 and 1079, it became subject to the powerful [[Earl of Orkney|Earls of Orkney]].
Linney 44:
In the 1130s the Church sent a small mission to establish the first [[bishopric]] on the Isle of Man, and appointed [[Wimund]] as the first Bishop. He soon after gave up his role as fisher of men, and became the hunter of men, embarking with a band of followers on a career of murder and looting throughout Scotland and the surrounding islands.
Early in the 13th century, when [[Ragnald of the Isle of Man|Ragnald]] (reigned 1187 - 1229) paid homage to King [[John of England]] (reigned 1199 - 1216), we hear for the first time of English intervention in the affairs of Mann. But a period of Scots domination would precede the establishment of full English control. During the whole of the Scandinavian period the isles remained nominally under the suzerainty of the kings of [[Norway]], but the Norwegians only occasionally asserted it with any vigour. [[Harald I of Norway|Harold Haarfager]] did so first about 885, then came [[Magnus III of Norway|Magnus Barfod]] about 1100: both of these conquered the isles. From the middle of the 12th century till 1217 the suzerainty, because Norway had become a prey to civil dissensions, had remained of a very shadowy character. But after that date it became a reality and Norway consequently came into collision with the growing power of [[Scotland]].-->
===Eddyrchloiaghyn Albinagh===
<!--Finally, in 1261, [[Alexander III of Scotland]] sent envoys to Norway to negotiate for the cession of the isles, but their efforts led to no result. He therefore initiated hostilities which terminated in the indecisive [[Battle of Largs]] against of the Norwegian fleet in 1263. However the Norwegian king [[Haakon IV of Norway|Haakon Haakonsson]] died the following winter, and this allowed king Alexander to bring the war to a successful conclusion. [[Magnus III of the Isle of Man|Magnus]], [[King of Mann and the Isles]] (reigned 1252 - 1265), who had fought on the Norwegian side, had to surrender all the islands over which he had ruled, except Mann, for which he did homage. Two years later Magnus died and in 1266 King [[Magnus VI of Norway]] ceded the islands, including Mann, to Scotland in the [[Treaty of Perth]] in consideration of the sum of 4,000 [[Mark (money)|marks]] (known as {{lang|sco|''merks''}} in Scotland) and an annuity of 100 marks. But Scotland's rule over Mann did not become firmly established till 1275, when the Manx suffered defeat in the decisive [[Battle of Ronaldsway]], near [[Castletown]].-->
==Kioneys Sostynagh==
<!--In 1290 King [[Edward I of England]] was in possession of Mann, and it remained in English hands till 1313, when [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert Bruce]] took it after besieging [[Castle Rushen]] for five weeks. Then, until 1346, when the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] decided the long struggle between England and Scotland in England's favour, there followed a confused period when Mann sometimes experienced English rule and sometimes Scottish.
About 1333 King [[Edward III of England]] granted Mann to [[William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury|William de Montacute]], 3rd [[Baron]] Montacute, (later the 1st [[Earl of Salisbury]]), as his absolute possession, without reserving any service to be rendered to him. In 1392 his son sold the island including sovereignty to Sir [[William le Scrope]]. In 1399 King [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] brought about the beheading of Le Scrope, who had taken the side of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]]. The island then came into the possession of the Crown, which granted it to [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland]], but following his attainder, Henry IV, in 1405, made a lifetime grant of it, with the patronage of the bishopric, to Sir [[John I Stanley of the Isle of Man|John Stanley]]. In 1406 this grant was extended – on a [[feudatory]] basis under the English Crown – to Sir John's heirs and assigns, the feudal fee being the service of rendering [[Homage (medieval)|homage]] and [[tribute|two falcons]] to all future Kings of England on their [[coronation]]s.
With the accession of the Stanleys to the throne there begins a more settled epoch in Manx history. Though the island's new rulers rarely visited its shores, they placed it under governors, who, in the main, seem to have treated it with the justice of the time. Of the thirteen members of the family who ruled in Mann, the second [[John II Stanley of the Isle of Man|Sir John Stanley]] (1414 - 1432), [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|James, the 7th Earl]] (1627 - 1651), and the [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|10th Earl of the same name]] (1702-1736) had the most important influence on it. The first curbed the power of the spiritual barons, introduced trial by jury, instead of trial by battle, and ordered the laws to be written. The second, known as the Great Stanley, and his wife, [[Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby|Charlotte de la Tremoille]] (or Tremouille), are probably the most striking figures in Manx history.-->
===Caggey Theayagh Hostyn as yn Eddyr-reill===
<!--In 1643 [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] ordered [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]] to go to Mann, where the people, who were no doubt influenced by what was taking place in England, threatened to revolt.
Stanley's arrival, with English soldiers, soon put a stop to anything of this kind. He conciliated the people by his affability, brought in Englishmen to teach various handicrafts and tried to help the farmers by improving the breed of Manx horses, and, at the same time, he restricted the exactions of the Church, but the Manx people never had less liberty than under his rule. They were heavily taxed; troops were quartered upon them; and they also had the more lasting grievance of being compelled to accept leases for three lives instead of holding their land by the straw tenure which they considered to be equivalent to a customary inheritance.
Six months after the death of Charles ([[30 January]] [[1649]]), Stanley received a summons from [[Henry Ireton|General Ireton]] to surrender the island, which he haughtily declined. In August 1651 he went to England with some of his troops, among whom were 300 Manxmen, to join [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], and he and they shared in the decisive defeat of the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] at the [[Battle of Worcester]]. He was captured, imprisoned in [[Chester Castle]] and then tried by [[court-martial]] and executed at [[Bolton]].-->
===Irree magh===
<!--Soon after Stanley's death, the Manx Militia, under the command of William Christian (known by his [[Manx language|Manx]] name of [[Illiam Dhone]]), rose against the Countess and captured all the insular forts except Rushen and Peel. They were then joined by a Parliamentary force under [[Robert Duckenfield|Colonel Duckenfield]], to whom the Countess surrendered after a brief resistance.
[[Oliver Cromwell]] had appointed [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] ''Lord of Mann and the Isles'' in September, so that Mann continued under a monarchical government and remained in the same relation to England as before.-->
===Aachouyr ny Stanleeyn===
<!--The restoration of Stanley government in 1660 therefore caused as little friction and alteration as its temporary cessation had. One of the first acts of the new Lord, [[Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby]], was to order Christian to be tried. He was found guilty and executed. Of the other persons implicated in the rebellion only three were excepted from the general amnesty. But by [[Order-in-Council]], Charles II pardoned them, and the judges responsible for the sentence on Christian were punished.
Charles Stanley's next act was to dispute the permanency of the tenants' holdings, which they had not at first regarded as being affected by the acceptance of leases, a proceeding which led to an almost open rebellion against his authority and to the neglect of agriculture, in lieu of which the people devoted themselves to the fisheries and to contraband trade.
Linney 75:
Charles Stanley, who died in 1672, was succeeded firstly by his son William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby until his death in 1702.
The agrarian question subsided only in 1704, when [[James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby|James]], William's brother and successor, largely through the influence of [[Thomas Wilson (bishop)| Bishop Wilson]], entered into a compact with his tenants, which became embodied in an act, called the [[Act of Settlement 1703|Act of Settlement]]. Their compact secured the tenants in the possession of their estates in perpetuity on condition of a fixed rent, and a small fine on succession or [[Alienation (property law)|alienation]]. From the great importance of this act to the Manx people it has been called their ''[[Magna Carta]]''. As time went on, and the value of the estates increased, the rent payable to the Lord became so small in proportion as to be almost nominal, being extinguished by purchase in 1916.-->
===Aaphooaraghey===
<!--James died in 1736, and the [[suzerainty]] of the isle passed to [[James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl]], his first cousin and heir-male. In 1764 he was succeeded by his only surviving child [[Charlotte Murray, Duchess of Atholl|Charlotte, Baroness Strange]], and her husband, [[John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl|John Murray]], who (in right of his wife) became [[Lord of Mann]]. About 1720 the contraband trade greatly increased. In 1726 [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] checked it somewhat for a time, but during the last ten years of the Atholl regime (1756 - 1765) it assumed such proportions that, in the interests of the Imperial revenue, it became necessary to suppress it. With a view to so doing, Parliament passed the [[Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765]] (commonly called the ''Revestment Act'' by the Manx), under which it purchased the rights of the Atholls as [[Lord of Mann|Lords of Mann]] including the customs revenues of the Island for the sum of £70,000 [[pound sterling|sterling]], and granted an [[annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]] to the Duke and Duchess. The Atholls still retained their [[manorialism|manor]]ial rights, the patronage of the [[Bishop of Sodor and Man|bishopric]], and certain other [[wikt:perquisites|perquisites]], until they sold them for the sum of £417,144 in 1828.
Up to the time of the [[wikt:revestment|revestment]], [[Tynwald]] had passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. After the revestment, or rather after the passage of the [[Smuggling Act 1765]] (commonly called the ''Mischief Act'' by the Manx), the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] at Westminster legislated with respect to customs, harbours and merchant shipping, and, in measures of a general character, it occasionally inserted clauses permitting the enforcement in the island of penalties in contravention of the acts of which they formed part. It also assumed the control of the insular customs duties. Such changes, rather than the transference of the full [[suzerainty]] to the King of Great Britain and Ireland, modified the (unwritten) constitution of the Isle of Man. Its ancient laws and tenures remained untouched, but in many ways the revestment affected it adversely. The hereditary [[Lord of Mann|Lords of Mann]] seldom, if ever, functioned as model rulers, but most of them had taken some personal share in its government, and had interested themselves in the well-being of its inhabitants. But now the whole direction of its affairs became the work of officials who regarded the island as a pestilent nest of smugglers, from which it seemed their duty to extract as much revenue as possible.
Some alleviation of this state of things happened between 1793 and 1826 when [[John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl]] served as [[Governor of the Isle of Man|Governor]], since, though he quarrelled with the [[House of Keys]] and unduly cared for his own pecuniary interests, he did occasionally exert himself to promote the welfare of the island. After his departure the English officials resumed their sway, but they showed more consideration than before. Moreover, since smuggling, which the [[Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765|Isle of Man Purchase Act]] had only checked – not suppressed – had by that time almost disappeared, and since the Manx revenue had started to produce a large and increasing surplus, the authorities looked more favourably on the Isle of Man, and, thanks to this fact and to the representations of the Manx people to British ministers in 1837, 1844 and 1853, it obtained a somewhat less stringent customs [[tariff]] and an occasional [[wikt:dole|dole]] towards erecting its much neglected public works.-->
==Yn Eash Noa-emshiragh==
<!--After 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a measure of at least nominal [[home rule|Home Rule]], the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and at the present day form a prosperous community, with [[tax haven]] status and a declining [[tourism|tourist]] industry.
The Isle of Man was used as a base for Alien Civilian [[Internment]] camps in both the [[First World War]] (1914-18) and the [[Second World War]] (1939-45). During the First World War there were two camps, one a requisitioned holiday camp in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] and the other a purpose built camp at [[Knockaloe]] in the parish of [[Patrick (parish)|Patrick]]. During the Second World War there were a number of smaller camps in Douglas, [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]], [[Port Erin]] and [[Ramsey, Isle of Man|Ramsey]].
Linney 91:
The early 20th century saw a revival of music, dance, and the [[Manx language]], but this proved only partially successful, as the last native speaker of Manx died in the 1970s. In the middle part of the twentieth century, the [[Taoiseach]] [[Éamon de Valera]] visited, and became so distressed at the lack of support for Manx that he immediately had two recording vans sent over. As the century progressed, the Manx tourist economy declined greatly, as the English and Irish started flying to [[Spain]] for package holidays. The Manx government responded to this situation by making the island a [[tax haven]]. While this has had beneficial effects on the Manx economy, it has had its detractors, who have pointed to corruption in the finance industry and [[money laundering]]. This has given the biggest impetus to Manx nationalism in recent years, spawning the parties [[Mec Vannin]] and the [[Manx National Party|MNP]], as well as the now defunct {{lang|gv|''Fo Halloo''}} (literally 'Underground'), which mounted a direct-action campaign of spray-painting and attempted house-burning.
The 1990s and early 21st century have seen a greater recognition of indigenous Manx culture, such as the first Manx language primary school, as well as a general re-evaluation of the island's economy.-->
==Jeeagh er neesht==
Linney 98:
* [[Çhiarn Vannin]] (1504 - 1765)
* [[Act of Settlement 1703]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Wimund]] -
* [[Rolley sleih-champyn as campyn pryssoonagh#Mannin|Sleih-champyn ayns Mannin]]
* [[
==Imraaghyn==
Line 111 ⟶ 108:
==Kianglaghyn mooie==
* [http://www.gov.im/mnh/heritage/story/storyofmann.xml
* [http://www.isleofman.com/locallife/genealogy/
* [http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/ the manx notebook] -
* [http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/isleofman.html
[[Ronney:Shennaghys Vannin| ]]
| |||