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Linney 59:
# Ta keim [[sporophyte|sporophytagh]] ([[daaphloid]]) cur magh [[sporrag|sporraghyn]] [[unphloid]] liorish [[meiosis]].
# Liorish [[mitosis]], ta'n sporrag gaase dys [[gametophyte]] - ny [[prothallus]] ta jannoo [[co-haaghey sollys]], son y chooid smoo.
# Ta'n gametophyte cur magh [[gamete|gameteyn]] ([[sheel (gamete)|sheel]] as [[ooh]] er y phrothallus cheddin, dy mennick) liorish [[mitosis]].
# Ta sheel raghidey [[flagellum|flagellagh]] torraghey ooh, as ish kianglt rish y phrothallus.
# She [[sygote]] daaphloid eh yn ooh nish, as liorish mitosis, t'ee gaase dys sporophyte (feer "renniagh").
Linney 81:
[[Coadan:Ferns at melb botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|Renniee ec [[Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens]]]]
[[Coadan:Ferns02.jpg|thumb|Renniee, ''[[Dicksonia antarctica]] foddee,'' ec [[Nunniong]], [[yn Austrail]]]]
 
=== Sporophyteyn ===
 
Ta [[sporophyte|sporophyteyn]] renniee, myr lossreeyn rassagh, jeant magh jeh:
* [[Gass]]: She [[rhisome]] fo-halloo t'ayn son y chooid smoo, agh ny keayrtyn, she [[stolon]] harrish-thalloo ny corp fuyghagh t'ayn. Myr sampleyr, ta stolon ec [[Polypodiaceae]], as corp fuyghagh ec [[Cyatheaceae]].
* [[Duillag|Duillagyn]]: Rheynn geayney [[co-haggloo sollys]] y lus. Ta duillagyn noa lheanaghey liorish neufilley caslagh çhionn. Ta tree sorçhyn dy ghuillag ec renniee:
** [[Trophophyll]]: Duillag nagh ver magh sporragyn. T'ee currit da jannoo shugyr liorish co-haggloo sollys. T'ee corrym rish duillagyn geayney cadjin lossreeyn rassagh.
** [[Sporophyll]]: Duillag verys magh sporragyn. T'ee corrym rish crottyl ayns [[bearkan juys]], [[stamen]] ayns [[gymnosperm]], ny [[pistil]] ayns [[angiosperm]]. Anchasley rish ny daa s'jerree, cha nel y sporophyll slane currit da jannoo sporragyn. T'ee gollrish trophophyll, as t'ee co-haggloo sollys 'syn aght cheddin.
** [[Brophophyll]]: Duillag verys magh mooarane dy sporragyn.
* [[Fraue|Fraueyn]]: Ta fraueyn goaill stiagh ushtey as beaghey ass y thalloo. She [[corys fraue snaueaneagh]] t'ec renniee, as t'eh casley rish fraueyn lossreeyn rassagh.
 
=== Gametophyteyn ===
Ta gametophyteyn renniee anchasley rish gametophyteyn lossreeyn rassagh. Ta'n gametophyte renniagh cadjin jeant magh jeh:
* [[Prothallus]]: Ny strughtoor geaynagh, un [[killag|chillag]] er çheeid, ta co-haggloo sollys. T'eh jeh cummey chree ny aarey dy cadjin, mysh 3–10 mm er lhiurid, 2–8 mm er lheead. T'eh jannoo gameteyn liorish:
** [[antheridium|Antheridia]]: Nyn strughtooryn beggey cruinney ta jannoo [[sheel (gamete)|sheel]] [[flagellum|flagellagh]].
** [[archegonium|Archegonia]]: Nyn strughtooryn jeh cummey flagoon ta jannoo un ooh ec y chass. Ta'n sheel roshtyn ish liorish snaue sheese y wannal.
* [[Rhisoid|Rhisoidyn]]: Nyn strughtooryn [[fraue|fraueagh]] (cha nel nyn veer 'raueyn) jeh killagyn ynrican er nyn sheeyney dy mooar. Ta'n clane strughtoor soo stiagh ushtey as [[sollan meainagh|sollanyn meainagh]]. Ta ny rhisoidyn greimmey y prothallus 'sy thalloo.
 
== Ymmyd tarmaynagh ==
 
Cha nel renniee cho scanshoil as lossreeyn rassagh dy tarmaynagh, agh ta ymmyd jeant jeh kuse jeu. Ta sleih gee shiartanse dy renniee, myr sampleyr duillagyn beggey [[renniagh vooar]] (''Pteridium aquilinum''), ''[[Matteuccia struthiopteris]]'', ''[[Osmunda cinnamomea]]'', ny ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]''. T'ad caigney ''Polypodium glycyrrhiza'' er son y vlass mie eck.
 
Ta renniee 'sy ghenus ''[[Azolla]]'' nyn lossreeyn beggey snaueagh nagh vel gollrish renniee chadjin. Ta ymmyd jeant jeu er son lhiasaghey ayns magheryn reise [[yn Aishey]] hiar-yiass, er y fa dy vel ad [[tashtey nitrageen]] as jannoo beaghey lus jeh.
 
Shimmey renniagh t'ad gaase myr lossreeyn çheer-yallooagh, er son duillagys jesheenagh, as myr lossreeyn thie. T'adsyn goaill stiagh [[renniagh Voston]] (''Nephrolepis exaltata''), ''Asplenium nidus'', as y ghenys ''[[Platycerium]]''.
 
Ta fir elley nyn sarkylyn nieunagh ny [[dooie ruegeydagh|dooieyn ruegeydagh]]. T'adsyn goaill stiagh ''[[Lygodium]] japonicum'' as ''Onoclea sensibilis''. Ta renniagh ushtey vooar (''[[Salvinia molesta]]'') mastey sarkylyn smessey ushtee ny cruinney.
 
Ta'n renniagh ''[[Pteris|Pteris vittata]]'' ard-haglym [[arsnick]] ass y thalloo.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
| kiangley = http://ezproxy.ouls.ox.ac.uk:2346/nature/journal/v409/n6820/full/409579a0.html
| earishlioar = Nature: Brief communications
| ennym = A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic
| ym-lioar = 409
| earroo = 579
| doi = 10.1038/35054664
| date = 2001-02-01
| çhengey = Baarle
| screeudeyr = Lena Q. Ma
| coscreeudeyryn = Kenneth M. Komar, Cong Tu, Weihua Zhang, Yong Cai & Elizabeth D. Kennelley
}}</ref>
 
T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh [[renniagh billagh|renniee villagh]] ayns ardjyn grianchryssagh.
 
<!--
==Cultural connotations==
[[Image:Nature print, Alois Auer .jpg|thumb|''Blätter des Manns Walfarn.'' by [[Alois Auer]], Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853]]
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02860848 | ennym = The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies | blein = 1978 | last1 = May | first1 = Lenore Wile | earishlioar = The Botanical Review | ym-lioar = 44 | earroo = 4 | duillag = 491–528 }}</ref> In [[Slavic folklore]], ferns are believed to bloom once a blein, during the [[Ivan Kupala Day|Ivan Kupala]] night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a "[[fern flower]]" is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, [[Finland|Finnish]] tradition holds that one who finds the "[[seed]]" of a fern in bloom on [[Midsummer]] night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing [[Will o' the wisp]]s called [[aarnivalkea]] mark the spot of hidden [[treasure]]. These spots are protected by a spell which prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations<ref>http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/season5a.htm</ref>.
 
"[[Pteridomania]]"' is a term for the [[Victorian era]] [[Fads and trends|craze]] of fern [[collecting]] and fern motifs in [[decorative art]] including [[pottery]], [[glass]], [[metal]]s, [[textile]]s, [[wood]], [[printing|printed paper]], and [[sculpture]] "appearing on everything from [[infant baptism|christening]] presents to [[gravestone]]s and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the [[Wardian case]], a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.<ref>* {{enmyspaper | first = Peter D. A. | last = Boyd | screeudeyrlink = | ennym = Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns | version = Revised: web version | soilsheyder = Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9–12. | date = 2002-01-02 | kiangley = http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm | id = | datefeddyn = 2007-10-02 }}</ref>
 
[[Image:Fractal fern1.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Fractal]] fern created using [[chaos game]], through an [[Iterated function system]] (IFS).]]
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, ''[[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]]'', is a notable example of this type of [[nature printing]]. The process, patented by the artist and soilsheyder Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was [[Alois Auer]]'s ''The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process''.
 
The gametophytes of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They typically consist of:
* Prothallus: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10&nbsp;mm long and 2–8&nbsp;mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of:
** [[antheridium|Antheridia]]: Small spherical structures that produce [[flagellum|flagellate]] sperm.
** [[archegonium|Archegonia]]: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the sperm by swimming down the neck.
* [[Rhizoid]]s: [[root]]-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly-elongated cells, water and mineral salts are absorbed over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.
 
==Misunderstood names==
One difference between sporophytes and gametophytes might be summed up by the saying that "Nothing eats ferns, but everything eats gametophytes." This is an over-simplification, but it is true that gametophytes are often difficult to find in the field because they are far more likely to be food than are the sporophytes.
Several non-fern plants are called "ferns" and are sometimes confused with true ferns. These include:
* "Asparagus fern"—This may apply to one of several species of the [[monocotyledon|monocot]] genus ''[[Asparagus]]'', which are flowering plants.
* "Sweetfern"—A flowering shrub of the genus ''[[Comptonia]]''.
* "[[Air fern]]"—A group of [[animal]]s called [[hydrozoa]]n that are distantly related to [[jellyfish]] and [[coral]]s. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a "plant" that can "live on air". While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this [[Colony (biology)|colonial animal]].
* "Fern bush"—''[[Chamaebatiaria|Chamaebatiaria millefolium]]''—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.
 
In addition, the book ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' has elicited many questions about the mythical "red fern" named in the book. There is no such known plant, although there has been speculation that the oblique grape-fern, ''[[Sceptridium|Sceptridium dissectum]]'', could be referred to here, because it is known to appear on disturbed sites and its fronds may redden over the winter.
 
 
==Evolution and classification==
Line 174 ⟶ 217:
*** Family [[Polypodiaceae]] (incl. [[Drynariaceae]], [[Grammitidaceae]], [[Gymnogrammitidaceae]], [[Loxogrammaceae]], [[Platyceriaceae]], [[Pleurisoriopsidaceae]])
*** Family [[Tectariaceae]]
 
== Economic uses ==
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants but have considerable importance. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of [[bracken]], ''Pteridium aquilinum'', [[ostrich fern]], ''Matteuccia struthiopteris'', and [[cinnamon fern]], ''Osmunda cinnamomea''. ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'' is also used by some tropical peoples as food.
 
Ferns of the genus ''[[mosquito fern|Azolla]]'' are very small, floating plants that do not look like ferns. Called [[mosquito fern]], they are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
 
A great many ferns are grown in [[horticulture]] as landscape plants, for [[greenery|cut foliage]] and as [[houseplant]]s, especially the [[Boston fern]] (''Nephrolepis exaltata''). The [[Bird's Nest Fern]], ''Asplenium nidus'', is also popular, and the [[staghorn fern]]s, genus ''Platycerium'', have a considerable following.
 
Several ferns are noxious [[weed]]s or [[invasive species]], including Japanese climbing fern (''[[Lygodium]] japonicum''), mosquito fern and [[sensitive fern]] (''Onoclea sensibilis''). Giant water fern (''[[Salvinia molesta]]'') is one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. The important fossil fuel [[coal]] consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.
 
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005/0804-danger_in_your_backyard.htm Danger in Your Backyard - Soil Chemists Plant Ferns to Soak Up Backyard Poisons]</ref>
 
Other ferns with some economic significance include:
* ''[[Dryopteris filix-mas]]'' (male fern), used as a [[vermifuge]], and formerly in the [[US Pharmacopeia]]; also, this fern accidentally sprouting in a bottle resulted in Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's 1829 invention of the terrarium or [[Wardian case]]
* ''[[Rumohra adiantiformis]]'' (floral fern), extensively used in the [[floristry|florist]] trade
* ''[[Microsorum pteropus]]'' (Java fern), one of the most popular freshwater [[List of freshwater aquarium plant species|aquarium plants]].
* ''[[Osmunda|Osmunda regalis]]'' (royal fern) and ''[[Osmunda|Osmunda cinnamomea]]'' (cinnamon fern), the root fiber being used horticulturally; the fiddleheads of ''O. cinnamomea'' are also used as a cooked vegetable
* ''[[Matteuccia struthiopteris]]'' (ostrich fern), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in North America
* ''[[Pteridium aquilinum]] or Pteridium esculentum'' (bracken), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in Japan and are believed to be responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan. It is also one of the world's most important agricultural weeds, especially in the British highlands, and often poisons cattle and horses.
* ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'' (vegetable fern), a source of food for some native societies
* ''[[Pteris|Pteris vittata]]'' (brake fern), used to absorb [[arsenic]] from the soil
* ''Polypodium glycyrrhiza'' (licorice fern), roots chewed for their pleasant flavor
* [[Tree fern]]s, used as building material in some tropical areas
* ''[[Cyathea cooperi]]'' (Australian tree fern), an important invasive species in Hawaii
* [[Parkeriaceae|''Ceratopteris'']] ''richardii'', a model plant for teaching and research, often called C-fern
 
==Cultural connotations==
[[Image:Nature print, Alois Auer .jpg|thumb|''Blätter des Manns Walfarn.'' by [[Alois Auer]], Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853]]
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1007/BF02860848 | ennym = The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies | blein = 1978 | last1 = May | first1 = Lenore Wile | earishlioar = The Botanical Review | ym-lioar = 44 | earroo = 4 | duillag = 491–528 }}</ref> In [[Slavic folklore]], ferns are believed to bloom once a blein, during the [[Ivan Kupala Day|Ivan Kupala]] night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a "[[fern flower]]" is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, [[Finland|Finnish]] tradition holds that one who finds the "[[seed]]" of a fern in bloom on [[Midsummer]] night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing [[Will o' the wisp]]s called [[aarnivalkea]] mark the spot of hidden [[treasure]]. These spots are protected by a spell which prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations<ref>http://www.saunalahti.fi/~marian1/gourmet/season5a.htm</ref>.
 
"[[Pteridomania]]"' is a term for the [[Victorian era]] [[Fads and trends|craze]] of fern [[collecting]] and fern motifs in [[decorative art]] including [[pottery]], [[glass]], [[metal]]s, [[textile]]s, [[wood]], [[printing|printed paper]], and [[sculpture]] "appearing on everything from [[infant baptism|christening]] presents to [[gravestone]]s and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the [[Wardian case]], a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.<ref>* {{enmyspaper | first = Peter D. A. | last = Boyd | screeudeyrlink = | ennym = Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns | version = Revised: web version | soilsheyder = Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9–12. | date = 2002-01-02 | kiangley = http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm | id = | datefeddyn = 2007-10-02 }}</ref>
 
[[Image:Fractal fern1.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Fractal]] fern created using [[chaos game]], through an [[Iterated function system]] (IFS).]]
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, ''[[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]]'', is a notable example of this type of [[nature printing]]. The process, patented by the artist and soilsheyder Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was [[Alois Auer]]'s ''The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process''.
 
==Medicinal Value==
Ferns are sometimes used in medicine to treat cuts and clean them out. Ferns are also good bandages if you are stuck out in the wild.<ref>http://www.paghat.com/deerfern.html</ref> Rubbing a sword fern frond spore-side-down on a stinging nettle sting removes the stinging.<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/sword-fern</ref>
 
==Misunderstood names==
Several non-fern plants are called "ferns" and are sometimes confused with true ferns. These include:
* "Asparagus fern"—This may apply to one of several species of the [[monocotyledon|monocot]] genus ''[[Asparagus]]'', which are flowering plants.
* "Sweetfern"—A flowering shrub of the genus ''[[Comptonia]]''.
* "[[Air fern]]"—A group of [[animal]]s called [[hydrozoa]]n that are distantly related to [[jellyfish]] and [[coral]]s. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a "plant" that can "live on air". While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this [[Colony (biology)|colonial animal]].
* "Fern bush"—''[[Chamaebatiaria|Chamaebatiaria millefolium]]''—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.
 
In addition, the book ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' has elicited many questions about the mythical "red fern" named in the book. There is no such known plant, although there has been speculation that the oblique grape-fern, ''[[Sceptridium|Sceptridium dissectum]]'', could be referred to here, because it is known to appear on disturbed sites and its fronds may redden over the winter.
 
== Gallery ==
Feddynit ass "https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renniagh_(lus)"