Gass (çhengoaylleeaght)
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght, ta gass ny ayrn fockle ta crogheydyssyn goll er kiangley ree. Ta daa ymmyd eck.
Rere un ymmyd, ta gass ny cummey nodmayd kiangley croghedyssyn ree.[1] Myr sampleyr, ta prindeysaghtyn goaill stiagh prindeys, ny gass ta'n crogheydys gientynagh -aght goll er kiangley ree dys croo gass noa, prindeysaght. Ta'n crogheydys yn-filleydagh -yn goll er kiangley reeish. Ny keayrtyn, cha nel sleih coontey fraue yn 'ockle (prindeys) myr gass.
Rere ymmyd elley, ta gass fockle ennagh yn ayrn jeh ta er mayrn ayns dagh cummey yn-fillit jeh.[2] Aght soilshee elley, she y rheynn jeh fockle ta ayn roish my vees crogheydys yn-filleydagh erbee (m.s. earroo, keintys as emshir) goll er kiangley rish.[3]. Rere'n ymmyd shoh, ta crogheydyssyn gientynagh nyn ayrnyn ny gass. Myr sampleyr, ta gass prindeysaghtyn prindeysaght, as ta'n crogheydys yn-filleydagh -yn goll er kiangley ree.
Ny keayrtyn, ta gass ny fraue (myr sampleyr, roie). Ny keayrtyn elley, she cummey crampit jalloo-oaylleeagh t'ayn; myr sampleyr, co-ockle ny fockle jeant liorish breneen-grammeydys gientyn. Ta fraue yn ennymockle crampit photographer ("fotographee") 'sy Vaarle photo·graph·er, cha nel photo. Ta fraue destabilized ("jee-ondit") stabil-'', ny chummey stable nagh vel ayn ny lomarcan; she de·stabil·ize eh y ghass, as t'ee goaill stiagh ny crogheydyssyn de- as -ize, agh cha nel crogheydys yn-filleydagh ny h-emshir chooilleeinit, -(e)d.
Ta ymmyd er lheh gass croghey er jalloo-oaylleeaght ny çhengey er lheh. Myr sampleyr, ayns çhengaghyn Athabaskagh, ta gass vreear ny fraue nagh dod ve ayn ny lomarcan, as ta gymmyrkey toan yn 'ockle. Rere shen, ta daa ghass ec breear Athabaskagh dy cadjin, as meeryn roie ec dagh fer.
Breeocklyn reagh
Ta breeocklyn gass ceaghey ny keayrtyn; myr sampleyr, ayns Germaanish, liorish Ablaut as Umlaut. T'eh croghey er y çheiltynys çhengoaylleeagh t'ayn my t'ad goaill rish lheid ny gish myr un ghass ny ghaa. Myr sampleyr, ta Träume (ashlishyn) ny chummey ennymagh yl-rey yn 'ockle Traum (ashlish). My t'ou credjal dy vel yn-filley cur crogheydyssyn as ceaghley breeockle er gass dys jannoo yn yl-rey, myr shen, ta gass yn yl-rey y red cheddin as gass yn unnaneagh: Traum. My t'ou credjal nagh vel cummaghyn fockle goll er troggal agh liorish cochiangley breneenyn-grammeydys, t'eh ort cur roish daa ghass: Traum as Träum
Cummaghyn enmys as breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt reagh
Ayns çhengaghyn as beggan yn-filley oc (m.s. Baarle, ny çhengaghyn Sheenish), ta'n ghass y red cheddin as cummey "cadjin" yn 'ockle son y chooid smoo: dy ghra myr shen, cummey enmys ta ry-akin ayns fockleyryn. Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur "lemma" er y chummey shoh. Ayns çhengaghyn elley, s'goan ad gish nyn lomarcan. Myr sampleyr, ta gass roie lane ghollrish cummaghyn laaragh as chaie yn 'ockle. Ayns Spaainish, she corr- ee y ghass corrym rish roie, agh cha nel ee ry-akin ny lomarcan rieau. T'ee goll er enmys 'syn infinnidagh er ny yn-filley myr correr, as ayns feer ghlare, t'ee çheet magh myr cummey neuheorit ny cummey yn-fillit. T'ad cur breneenyn-grammeydys cochianglt er lheid ny gish nagh vel ry-chlashtyn nyn lomarcan.
Çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh reagh
Ayns çhengoaylleeaght cho-earrooagh, ta gass fockle ennagh y rheynn jeh nagh vel ceaghey eer liorish yn-filley jalloo-oaylleeaght. T'ad geddyr-scarrey y ghass jeh'n lemma, as meenaghey'n lemma myr cummey bunneydagh yn 'ockle. Myr sampleyr, "produced ("troarit"): she "produce" eh lemma'n 'ockle, agh she "produc" ee y ghass. Shen er y fa dy vel focklyn myr production ayn. [4]
Jeeagh er reagh
Imraaghyn reagh
- ↑ Geoffrey Sampson; Paul Martin Postal (2005). The 'language instinct' debate (Baarle). Continuum International Publishing Group, 124. ISBN 9780826473851. Feddynit er 2009-07-21.
- ↑ Paul Kroeger (2005). Analyzing grammar (Baarle). Cambridge University Press, 248. ISBN 9780521816229. Feddynit er 2009-07-21.
- ↑ Francis Katamba (1993). Morphology, Modern Linguistics (Baarle). Palgrave Macmillan, 45. ISBN 9780312101015. “The stem is that part of a word which is in existence before any inflectional affixes (i.e. those required by syntax e.g. singular/plural, gender, tense etc.) have been added.”
- ↑ http://nltk.sourceforge.net/index.php/Book
- What is a stem? - SIL International, Glossary of Linguistics Terms.
- Bauer, Laurie (2003) Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
- Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987) On the definition of a word. Cambridge MA, MIT Press.